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Daular Birtaniya


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Sarauniyar Inglia, 'Yarzabil ta biyu (Quen Elizabeth II) Hoto daga shafin Britroyals

Gabatarwa

Daular Birtaniya (British Empire), suna ne da ake kiran Tarayyar Turai (United Kingdom), wacce ta tattaro ƙasashen Ingila, Sikotilan, Wels (Wales), wasu lardunan cikin Irilan, da kuma dukkan wata ƙasa wacce ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Tarrayar Turai, wacce ke da helikwata a Landan (Microsoft Encarta, 2009; Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010; Wikipedia, 2017).

Daula ce da ta kafu ta hanyar faɗaɗa mulkinta cikin wasu ƙasashe a duniya, wanda ta fara a cikin ƙarni na goma sha biyar, sannan kuma ta ƙare a cikin ƙarni na ashirin a lokacin da ta damƙa ƙasar Hong-Kong ga China a shekarar 1997.

Tarihi ya nuna cewa, wannan Daula ta Birtaniya ita ta zama daula mafi girma a duniya (Wikipedia, 2017; New World Encyclopedia, 2016). Lokacin da ta ke kan ganiyarta, musamman a cikin ƙarni na ashirin, wato a shekarar 1912, faɗinta ya kai kimanin kashi ashirin da huɗu (24%) bisa ɗari na faɗin duniya. Sannan kuma a cikin shekarar 1921, tana da jama’ar da yawansu ya kai kimanin mutane milimiyan ɗari huɗu da saba’in (470,000,000), wanda zai iya ɗaukar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan mutanen duniya baki ɗaya, kamar yadda ya zo a New World Encyclopedia (2016). Amma a Wikipeidia (2017), an zayyana faɗin daular da kashi ashirin da uku, kimanin yawan mutane miliyan ɗari huɗu da goma sha biyu (412, 000,000), kwatankwacin kashi ashirin da uku bisa ɗari (23%) na yawan mutanen duniya a cikin shekarar 1913. Sannan kuma da faɗin ƙasar da ya kai kimanin faɗin murabba’in kilomita 35, 500, 000 (35,500,000 km2), kwatankwacin kashi ashirin da huɗu bisa ɗari (24%) na faɗin ƙasar duniya a cikin shekarar 1920.

Manya-manyan amfanoni da wannan daula ta samar a duniya akwai samun ‘yancin kai ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane, dakatar da mulkin danniya da sarakuna suka riƙa gabatarwa a yankunansu, yaɗa ilimi da wayar da kan jama’a, sanin mutuncin kai da mutumta juna a tsaknin jama’a, gano albarkatun ƙasa da amfanin da suke da shi, inganta harkar noma da mayar da ita ta zamani, sada zumunta tsakanin al’ummu, garuruwa, da ƙasashe, da saraun abubuwa masu tarin yawa da wannan daula ta samar a duniya.

Wannan daula ta mulki ƙasashe masu yawa a duniya ciki kuma har da ƙasashen Amurka, Indiya, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Portugal, Hong-Kong, da sauransu. Daular da ta fara daga tsakiyar ƙarni na goma sha biyar ta kuma ƙare a ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin.

Asali

Tantace haƙiƙanin kwanan watan da Daular Birtaniya ta fara, abu ne mai matuƙar wahala (Luscombe, 2012). Amma ana ganin cewa, wannan daula ta fara ne a  cikin ƙarni na goma sha biyar, a zamanin mulkin sarkin Ingila, Heri na bakwai (King Henry VII), wanda ya yi wa’adin sarauta daga shekarar 1485 – 1509, wannan daula ta fara tsirowa ta hanyar yunƙurinsa na shimfiɗa fukafukan kasuwancin ƙasar Birtaniya a sauran sassan duniya a wacan lokacin. Abin ya fara ne zamanin da ƙasar ta Birtaniya ta tura sojojinta na ruwa, a cikin shekarar 1497 zuwa arewacin Amurka, dan binciko irin arziƙi da Allah ya shimfiɗa a wannan yanki na duniya ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin harkar ruwa John Cabot, a zamanin sarautar sarki Heri VII (King Henry VII).

Wannan tafiya ta John Cabot, ya yi ta ne a cikin shekarar 1497 da nufin gano tafarkin zuwa Asiya, a kan hanyarsa ta tafiya, ya ratsa ta cikin Arewacin Tekun Atilantika (North Atlantic).


Taswirar da ke nuna Arewacin Tekun Atlantika. An ciro daga shafin BP Blogspot

Tafiyar da ta kai shi har zuwa wani tsibiri a Gabashin Arewacin Amurka, wanda daga baya yankin ya faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Ingila (Softschools, 2017: Wikipedia, 2017). Sai dai, Wikipedia (2017), sun ce wannan tsibiri Newfoundland ce. softschools (2017), kuma suka ce ya ayyana wannan ƙasa a matsayin wani yanki mallakin sarki Henry VII da zaton cewa, wannan guri Asiya ce.

Amma a bisa yadda ya zo a shafin Wikipedia (2017), su, suna ganin cewa, a cikin shekarar 1707, lokacin da Daular Sikotulan (Scotland) ta kuɗe, ta shige cikin waccar Daula ta Birtaniya, suka zama abu guda da suka kira Daular Babbar Birtaniya (Kingdom of Great Britain), shi ne masomin wannan Daula ta Britaniya. Saboda a wannan lokaci ne dukkan ƙasashen da waɗannan dauloli biyu suke mulka, suka haɗe suka zama abu guda. Wannan ra’ayi na su ya zo daidai da abin da shafin New World Encyclopedia (2016), ya wallafa, duk da cewa, sun saɓa  a wajen shekarun da abin ya faru, inda su na biyun suka ce, an yi wannan haɗaka ne daga shekarar 1541 zuwa 1550.

Sai kuma a cikin shekarar 1801, wannan Daula ta Babbar Birtaniya, ta sake haɗiye Daular Irelan (Ireland), suka haɗu suka zama abu guda. Wato suka kafa sabuwar Daular da aka kira ta da suna Daular Birtaniya (British Empire), wacce kuma ita ce marubuta suka baiwa waccar fassara da ta zo a farkon wannan shafi; wato cewa, Daular Birtaniya ita ce daular da ta tattaro ƙasashen Ingila, Sikotilan, Wels (Wales), wasu lardunan cikin Irilan, da kuma dukkan wata ƙasa wacce ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Tarrayar Turai, wacce ke da helikwata a Landan ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarki ko sarauniyar Birtaniya. Daular da ta samu ƙarfi da faɗin da ba a taɓa samun wata daula da ta kai kamar ta ba a duniya. Har akan yi mata kirari da Daular da rana bata faɗuwa a cikinta, a wancan lokacin. Abin da ake nufi da wannan shi ne cewa, duk gurin da ka zaga a duniya, ka ci karo da wani yanki ko wata ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin wannan daula a duniya, a wancan zamanin.

Daular Birtaniya ta Farko

Daular farko ta Birtaniya, ta fara ne daga shekarar 1583 zuwa 1783 (Wikipedia, 2017; University of Wien, 2017; Microsoft Encarta, 2009; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010). Fafutikar neman hanyoyin kasuwanci, neman ‘yancin addini da kuma gasa da wasu ƙasashen duniya kamar irin su Andulusiya (Spain) da kuma Faransa, shi ne abin da ya haifar da faɗaɗuwar Daular Birtaniya (Luscombe, 2012; Bielefeld University, 2017; Microsoft Encarta, 2009; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010). Wannan Daula, ta fara shimfiɗa fukafukanta na mulki ne a cikin shekarar 1497 (Softschools, 2017).

Ƙasa ta farko, da Ingila ta fara zama a cikinta a duniya, da nufin mulkin mallaka, ita ce garin Jamestown da ke cikin jahar Virginia ta ƙasar Amurka a cikin shekarar 1607. A cikin shekarar 1620 kuma, ta sake kutsawa tsibirin Massachusetts, ta kama garin Plymouth, a wannan gari ta kafa kamfanin nan mai suna Massachusetts Bay Company a shekarar 1628.

Sai kuma ta sake cin Maryland 1634, Rhode Island kuma a cikin shekarar 1636, Connecticut, a shekarar 1639. A ciki shekarar 1664, Ingila ta ƙwaci New Amsterdam daga hannun Netherlands, sannan ta canja mata suna zuwa New York. A shekarar 1681, William Penn, ya mallaki Pennsylvania. A cikin shekarar 1663, sai kuma Amsterdam a cikin shekarar 1664. Sauran ƙasashe da suka haɗa da Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, South Carolina, New Hampshire,  da kuma North Carolina duk sun faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar wannan Daula ta Birtaniya. Adadin da ya kama ƙasashe goma sha uku da ake yiwa da laƙabi da (13 colonies) – ƙasashen mulukiya 13 (New World Encylopedia, 2016; University of Wien, 2017; Bielefeld University, 2017; Wikipedia, 2017; Microsoft Encarta, 2009; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010; Softschools, 2017; Luscombe, 2012).

A cikin shekarar 1623, Ingila ta ci Yammacin Indiya. Sai kuma a shekarar 1655, shekarar da Birtaniya ta ƙwaci ƙasar Jammaika (Jamaica) da ƙarfi daga hannun Andulusiya (Spain), kamar yadda ya zo a Microsoft Encarta (2009). Haka al’amarin wannan Daula ta farko ya yi ta tafiya.

A iya tsawon wannan mulki na mulaka’u da Daular Birtaniya ta yi wa waɗannan ƙasashe na Arewacin Amurka guda goma sha uku, abubuwa da dama sun faru, daga ciki akwai faruwar yarjejeniya tsakanin Ingila da Andulisiya da aka yi a shekarar 1604, game da rashin cin dunduniyar juna da kuma sa-in-sa da ake samu a tsakaninsu wacce aka yi a Landan, kuma ake yi mata laƙabi da Yarjejeniyar Landan (New Encyclopedia, 2016). Microsoft Encarta (2009), y ace, an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin Daular Birtaniya da Ƙasar Andulusiya (Spain) a cikin shekarar 1670, a garin Madrid na Ingila. Yarjejeniyar da ta saka ita ƙasar Andulusiyyar ta damƙa ragamar gudanarwar wasu ƙasashen yankin Karebiya ɗungurugum a hannun Daular ta Birtaniya. Sai kuma narkewar Daular Scotland da ta Ingila da suka zama abu ɗaya suka koma Babbar Dauar Birtaniya (Great Britain Empire) a shekarar 1707. Sannan kuma akwai uwa-uba cinikin bayi da kuma kasuwancin sake-ba-ƙaidi (free trade). Waɗannan abubuwan da ma wasu masu tarin yawa, su suka baiwa Birtaniya damar kafa waccar daula tata ta farko.

Wannan Daula ta Birtaniya ta farko, ta kawo ƙarshe ne sakamakon bore da turjiya da ta samu daga waɗancan ƙasashe na Arewacin Amurka guda goma sha uku, sakamakon yunƙurin Daular ta Birtaniya na karɓar haraji a hannunsu, harajin da su ƙasashen suka ce an ƙaƙaba musu shi ba tare da tuntuɓar su ba. Wannan kuma duka ya biyo bayan taron gangami da ƙasashen suka haɗa, wanda kuma daga baya ta kai ga gumurzu a tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu a garin Concord na Massachusetts, a cikin watan Juli na Shekarar 1775. A cikin shekarar 1776, waɗannan ƙasashe suka ayyana ‘yancin cin gashin kai. Wannan shi ne ya haifar da kaurewar yaƙin da aka kira da Juyin-Juya-Hali na Amurka (American Revolution), wanda ya ɗauke su har zuwa 1777. Daga baya ƙasar Faransa ta shiga tsakaninsu a cikin shekarar 1778, abin da ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, sannan kuma ya kawo ƙarshen Daular Birtaniya ta farko, sannan kuma ya ɗiga ɗanbar Daular Birtaniya ta biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin kuma, sai Daular ta Birtaniya ta karkata akalarta zuwa yankunan Asiya, tsibirin Fasifik (Pacific) sannan kuma daga baya zuwa yankin Afirka (Microsoft Encarta, 2009) Amma Wikipedia (2017), da Encyclpaedia Britannica (2010), sun haɗu a kan cewa, yaƙin ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1783.

Daular Birtaniya ta Biyu

Idan kiɗa ya canza, to dole rawa ta canja. Rasa waɗancan ƙasashe guda goma sha uku da wannan Daula ta Birtaniya ta yi, da kuma samun sauyi daga cinikin bayi zuwa ɗaukakuwar fasaha (Industrial Technology), ta saka Daular Birtaniya neman mafita daga halin da ta samu kanta a ciki, ta hanyar sama wa kanta kasuwannin da za ta riƙa sayar da abubuwan da ta ke ƙerawa tare kuma da samo sinadaran yin wasu sababbin kayayyakin. Saboda haka, sai ta sake sabon saran kafa wata sabuwar daular.

Wannan Daula ta Biyu, wacce ta fara daga shekarar 1783 zuwa 1815 a ra’ayin Wikipedia (2017), haƙiƙa ita ta amsa sunan waccar katafariyar daula da Birtaniyan ta kafa a duniya, wacce aka yi wa kirari da Daular da Rana ba ta faɗuwa a cikinta.

Microsoft Encarta (2009), kuma a nasu ra’ayin, sun kawo cewa wannan Daula ta biyu ta fara ne daga ƙarni na goma sha takwas zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na farko. A wannan tsakanin ta kai ƙololi wajen ɗaukaka. Wato kenan muna iya cewa daga 1778 har zuwa abin da ya haura 1918.

Abubuwa da dama sun taimakawa wannan Daula ta biyu samun ɗaukaka, daka ciki akwai ci gaba da mulkar ragowar ƙasashen da dama can, suna ƙarƙashin mulkin daular, tun gabanin ɓallewar yankin Arewacin Amurka, waɗanda suka haɗa da Indiya, Kanada, da sauransu. Sannan kuma akwai tsarin kasuwancin nan na sake-ba-ƙadi (mercantilism), wanda ya baiwa Daular ta Birtaniya samun cikakkiyar damar mallake harkokin cinikayya a iya faɗin ƙasashen da ta ke mulka. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, Birtaniya ce kaɗai ke da ‘yancin dakon kayayyakin da ake shiga da fita da su a tsakankanin dukkan ƙasashen da su ke ƙarƙashinta.

Haka nan cinikin bayi (slave trade), ya taimakawa wannan daula, kasuwancin da aka daina shi a shekarar 1807, dukkan bautar ma kuma aka yi watsi da ita a shekarar 1833. Haka nan ma jarumai irin su Robert Clive, James Wolfe, da Eyre Coot, sun taimakawa Daular ta Birtaniya a yaƙuƙuwan da aka kwafsa tsakanin Faransa da kuma Birtaniya, musamman ma yaƙin da aka yi da kamfanin East Indian Company na Birtaniya da kuma Compagnie des Indes, mallakin Faransa. Wanda bayan an gama yaƙuƙuwan, ƙasashen Kanada da Indiya suka faɗa ƙarƙashin Daular ɗungurumgum.

Ƙasashe irin su New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Papua, da sauran tsibirai masu yawa a yankin tekun Fasifik (Pacific Ocean), sun faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin wannan Daula ta Birtaniya a wannan tsakanin, abin da ya sabauta buɗe ofishin babban kwamishinan Birtaniya (British High Commissioner) na Yammacin Tsibirin Fasifik (Western Pacific Islands) a cikin shekarar 1877.

Haka nan Birtaniya ta sake faɗaɗa fukafukan mulkin ta zuwa Aden, inda ta buɗe sabon yanki a ƙasar Somali (Somaliland) wacce yanzu ta zama Somaliya (Somalia), sannan ta sake runtumawa ta yi Kudancin Ƙasar Larabawa (southern Arabia) da kuma yankin Fashiya (Persian Gulf).

A shekarar 1878 kuma ta ci Saifuros (Cyprus). Ƙasashe irin su Maleshiya (Malay), Burunai (Brunei) da Sarawak, duk sun faɗa cikin wannan Daula ta Birtaniya. Tsibirin Honkon (Hong Kong island), shima ya shiga komar Birtaniya a shekarar 1841.

Sai kuma cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara inda ta runtumo zuwa Yankin Afirka. Ƙasashe irin su Egypt, Sudan, Najeriya, Gwal-Kwas (Gold Coast) wacce yanzu ta zama Gana (Ghana), Gambiya (Gambia), Kenya, Yuganda (Uganda), Zimbabuwe (Zimbabuwe), Zambiya (Zambia),  Malawi, Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa), duk sun faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Daular Birtaniya ta hanyar kamfanonin da suka haɗa da Royal Niger Company, Imperial British East Africa Company, da kuma British South Africa Company.


Taswirar Daular Birtaniya. An yi wa guraren da Birtaniya ta mallaka alama da jan launi, a jikin taswirar. Wannan hoto mallakin Duke Nidhoggr ne

Durƙushewar Daular Birtaniya

Shekarar 1839, ita ce shekarar farko da wannan hamshaƙiyar daula ta fara samun durƙoso, bayan da Lord Durham na Kanada ya zo da buƙatar a baiwa ita ƙasar ta Kanada damar kafa majalisar ministoci ta hanyar baiwa ‘yanƙasa damar zaɓar ministocin maimakon naɗi daga Birtaniya. Duk da cewa, ita wannan majalisa ta ministoci tana ƙarƙashin Babban Gwamna (Governor General), wanda shi kuma Bature ne. Bayan da wannan buƙata ta samu karɓuwa, sai aka faɗaɗa ta ta hanyar baiwa wasu ƙasashen damar bin wannan tafarkin. Daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙasashe akwai Australiya, New Zealand, da kuma yakunan Cape da kuma Natal a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka samu tarayyar wasu ƙasashe da yarjejeniyar Wesminster ta basu ‘yancin cin gashin kai a shekarar 1839, suka fara kiran kansu da sunan “British Commonwealth of Nations”, wacce ita kuma tarayya ce ta ƙasashen da Birtaniyan ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. Sannan kuma waɗannan ƙasashe su aka kira da suna dominiyons (dominions). Wannan shi ne farkon durƙushewar wannan Daula ta Birtaniya. Tun daga sannan kuma ta riƙa gangarowa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1992, lokacin da ta damƙa ƙasarta ta ƙarshe, wato Hong-Kong a hannun China.

Wannan ita ce Daular Birtaniya a taƙaice, daular da ta yi ƙasaitar da ba a taɓa samun wata daula da ta kai ta ba a tarihin duniya. Daular da aka riƙa yi wa kirari da Daular da rana ba ta faɗuwa a cikinta saboda faɗin ta. Tun shekarar 1479 (ƙarni na goma sha biyar) ta fara cin kasuwarta a duniya har zuwa shekarar 1992 (ƙarni na ashirin). Wato ta samu cikakkun ƙarnuka guda huɗu, tana sharafi a duniya. Caɓ-ɗi-jam! Wani kayan sai amale.  

Manzarta:

Bielefeld University (2017). The British Empire General Historical Overview. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: www.un bielefeld.de/lili/.../ empire_historical_overview.pdf

Countries of the World (2017). List of countries in North America. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: https://www.countriesrld.com/countries-of- north-america.html

Encyclopædia Britannica. (2010). British Empire. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite.  Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica

Luscombe S. (2012). The British Empire: Its Colonies, Mandates, and Dominions. An Ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/

Microsoft Encarta. (2009). British Empire. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

New World Encyclopedia. (2016). British Empire. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/

Softschools (2017). Age of Exploration Timeline. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: http://www.softschools.com/timelines/atimeline/348/

University of Wien (2017). Short Chronology of the British Empire. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: https://www.univie.ac.at/igl.../ss.../h%20Empire.pdf

Wikipedia (2017). Territorial evolution of the British Empire. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution

Wikipedia (2017). British Empire. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire

Worldatlas (2016). 13 Original US Colonies - Map & Details. An ciro a shekarar 2017,daga shafin: http://
www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/
usstates/colonies.html