Shafin Farko

Siyorin Holland Game da Zaɓin Sana’a


Gabatarwa

Siyorin Holland (1959), game da zaɓin sana’a (Holland’s Theory of Vocational Choice), ta ƙarfafa muhimmancin da buƙatu da kuma halayyar mutum ke da shi wajen zaɓin daidaitaciyyar sana’a (Wato kenan, a fahimtar Holland, halayya da kuma buƙatun rayuwa suna da matuƙar tasiri wajen zaɓin sana’a). Babban zaton (harsashen) wannan siyori shi ne cewa, zaɓin sana’a abu ne da ke bijiro da nau’in halayya, wanda ke nuni da cewa, mutane masu sana’a iri guda suna da kamanceceniya wajen buƙatu, halaye da kuma tarihi (asali).

A ra’ayin Holland, idan mutum ya zaɓi sana’a, to ya bayyana ɗaya daga cikin irin matsayi (musamman salon rayuwa) da yake son takawa a rayuwa, sakamakon hangen sa da kuma hangen duniyar aiki (muhallin aiki ko nau’in aikin). Saboda haka kowane mutum yana buƙatar daidaituwa da kowane muhalli sannan kuma da tanadar ƙwarewa a kan nau’in aiki. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin halayyar ɗaiɗaikun mutane da kuma muhallin da suke aiki, su ne ma’aunin gamsuwarsu game da aikin, da kuma uwa-uba samun nasara a kan wannan aikin (abin nufi shi ne cewa idan mutum ya zaɓi sana’ar da ta yi daidai da halayarsa da kuma buƙatunsa; wato sana’ar da yake so kuma yake da sha’awa, to za a samu cewa ya gamsu da ita, sannan kuma yana jurewa dukkan wahalhalun da ke tattare da ita, har ta kai shi ga yin fice a cikinta).

Bisa waɗannan zace-zace (harsashe), sai Holland ya tattara sana’o’i sannan ya karkasa su zuwa ajujuwa shida waɗanda ake kira ‘personality traits’ a Turance.

  1. Ɗabi’un Zahiri (Realistic Personality)

    Rukunin mutane ne ƙarfafa a zahirance, maras-shiga jama’a (unsociable), mafaɗata (aggressive), marasa baki (rashin ƙwarewa wajen magana), marasa iya hulɗa da jama’a, sannan kuma masu son ayyukan ƙarfi. Sukan nisanci dukkan aikin da ke buƙatar yawan magana. Su a wajensu (mutane masu ɗabi'u ko siffofin da aka zayyana a sama), yi ya fi faɗi (action speaks louder than words).

    Mutane ƙarfafa, suna da halayyar gani-a-ƙasa (ma’ana suna da halayyar yin aiki) kuma sun fi son sana’o’in da suke hulɗa da kayayyaki, kayan aiki (tools, instruments).

    Jama’ar wannan rukuni (masu ƙarfin jiki na zahiri, rashin walwala da jama’a, rashin son yawan magana, saurin fushi, son aiki da sauransu) sun fi son sana’o’i irin su injiniyan jirgin sama (airplane engineer), mai duba ayyukan gine-gine (construction inspector), latirisha (electrician), mai matsa manfetur (filling station attendant), injiniyan jirgin ƙasa (locomotive engineer), mai aikin famfo (plumber), noma (farming), tuƙa manyan motoci (driving heavy lorries), safiyo (surveying), tafin (typing), mai kunna inji (machine operator), lodi da sauke itace (loading and off-loading timber), kafintanci (carpentry), mesin (mason), gyaran agogo, gyaran motoci, da sauransu.

    Wato kenan, idan aka lura da mutane masu irin siffofin da aka zayyana a sama, za a taras cewa, suna yin nau'ukan sana'o'in da aka zayyana a ƙasan siffofin.

  2. Halayyar Ganin Ƙwaƙwaf (Investigative Personality)

    Waɗannan mutane sun fi son yin tunani a maimakon aiki (aikin ƙarfi). Basu da tabbataccen hali (majahulil hali), suna nisantar dangantakar ƙut-da-ƙut (unsociable). Sun fi son shiryawa da fahimtar abubuwa mai makon mamaye (domination) jama’a.

    Waɗannan mutane masu bin diddigi ne (very investigative), kuma sun dogara da zurfafa tunani wajen zaɓin sana’a (wato suna son sana’ar da ake zurfafa tunani a cikinta). Irin waɗannan mutane su ne masu zana taswirar jirage (aeronautical design engineers), masu nazarin rayuwar ɗan’adam (anthropologist), manazarta kimiyyar halittu (biologist), editocin jaridar kimiyya (editors of scientific journal), marubuta a fagen fasaha (writers of technical articles), farfesoshin jami’a (university professors), masana kemistiri (the chemists), masana fiziks (physicists), matuƙa jirgin sama (pilots), ‘yansandan sashen binciken laifuffuka (police criminal investigation department), alƙalan kotuna (court judges), da sauransu.

  3. Halayyar Walwala (Social Personality)

    Waɗannan mutane ne masu matuƙar walwala, waɗanda suke sauraron jama’a suma kuma suna son a saurare su sannan kuma a so su. Mutane masu walwala, suna son dangataka ta ƙut-da-ƙut da mutane, kuma sun ƙware wajen hulɗa da jama’a. Sannan kuma suna nisantar dukkan yanayin da zai saka su cin karo da warware matsalolin ɗaiɗaikun mutane (individual problem-solving).

    Sukan so sana’ar da ta shafi hulɗa da jama’a, sannan kuma suna nisantar sana’ar da ta shafi aikin ƙarfi (extensive physical activities). Irin waɗannan sukan zamo masu karantarwa (teachers), masu bada shawara (counselors), ƙwararru wajen shirya magana (speech therapists), mawaƙa ko makaɗa (musicians), malamai/fasto (priests), masu shagon gyaran gashi, masu sayar da kayayyaki (salesmen), masana halayyar ɗan’adam (psychologists), da sauransu.

  4. Halayyar Bin Ƙa’ida (Conventional Personality)

    Waɗannan mutane sun fi son aiki a muhalli mai doka-da-oda, wato bin ƙa’idoji da dokokin aiwatar da aiki. Sukan girmama mutane masu matsayi da mulki kuma sukan so jingina da su, a taƙaice suna son muhallin aiki mai tsari.

    Irin waɗannan mutanen sun fi son ayyuka irin su biyan kuɗaɗe (pay roll clerk), masu karɓar baƙi (receptionists), sakatarorin kamfani ko ma’aikatun gwamnati (company or public secretary), bibiyar kasafin kuɗi (budget reviewing), rubuce-rubucen kamfani (book keeping), masu shifta a kotu (court stenographers), ƙwararrun ma’aikatan haraji (tax expert), masu bada hannun kan hanya (traffic managers), sojoji, ‘yansanda, shugabanni, da sauransu.

  5. Halayyar Kutse (Enterprising Personality)

    Halayyar kutse a nan ita ce halayyar yin abu ba tare da tsoron rashin nasara ba. Waɗannan mutane suna da gogewa wajen iya magana kan abin da ya shafi sayar da abu, babakere, juya mutane, da kuma ɗaukar-hankalin (jan-hankalin) jama’a. A taƙaice, mutane ne masu buri (ambitious), wayayyu (sociable), kyakkyawan buri (optimistic), babakere (domineering), kai, suna da matuƙar son shugabanci da wuce wa gaba.

    Masu irin waɗannan halaye sun fi son sana’o’i irin su kasuwanci, saye (buying), manajan hotel, tsimilmila (economist), kwangila, ejan inshora, tallata hajoji (advertisement), sayar da kayayyaki (salesmen), dillancin ƙasa, aikin banki, siyasa, manyan ‘yan kasuwa, ofisoshin difilomasiyya, jagorancin bukukuwa (master of ceremonies), masu tallata wasanni (sport promoters), masu shirye-shiryen talabijin, da sauransu.

  6. Halayyar Ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire (Artistic Personality)

    Waɗannan mutane suna fito da ƙaƙƙarfan tunaninsu da kuma dangantakarsu da wasu (wato suna fito da tunaninsu ta hanyar aiwatar da tunanin a aikace). Basu cika son sifa ko mutum-mutumi (structure) ba, sannan kuma suna jin daɗin cuɗanya da jama’a. Suna son sana’o’in da suka shafi ƙyale-ƙyale (fashions), da kuma kwaikwayo (modeling).

    Misalin irin waɗannan mutane ya haɗa da masu katun (cartoonists), masu gyaran ɗaki (interior decorators), marubuta, makaɗa/mawaƙa (composers), masu zana taswirar gine-gine (architects), masu fanti, masu rera waƙa (musicians), marubuta waƙa (poets) marubuta wasan kwaikwayo (play-writers), darektocin fim (stage directors), malaman kiɗa (music teachers), masu aikin riga (fashion designers), masu ɗaukar hoto, da sauransu.

    Duba ga abubuwan da suka gabata, muna iya fahimtar cewa nazariyyar Holland ta dogara ne da zatonsa (harsashensa) game da mabambantan halaye, burinsu (abin da suke son samu ko zamowa a rayuwa), dangantakarsu da ɗimbin sakamako (various outcomes) da kuma zaɓukan sana’a. Ya kuma taƙaita waɗannan zace-zace nasa   da cewa, mutane suna neman muhalli da kuma sana’o’in da za su basu damar aikata gogayyarsu da damammakinsu, sannan su bayyana halaye da ɗabi’unsu, su fuskanci matsalolin da suka amince da su, su taka rawar da ta dace da su, sannan su nisanci abubuwan da basa so. Duk mutumin da ya fuskanci aikin da bai yi daidai da damammakinsa ba, to ana sa ran ba zai yi nasara ba, kuma a ƙarshe abin zai gundure shi.

Wannan rubutu, fassara ce ta littafin karantarwa na Adamu Bagudu, Ph,d., Kaduna Polytechnic.