Nahawun Hausa: Kalma

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Kalma


Gabatarwa

Kalma, ita ce tushen zance ko magana. Daga ɗaiɗaikun kalmomi ake gina furuci, sai kuma ya zama magana ko zance ko hira ko labari a magance ko a rubuce. Wato ko dai a furuci da baki ko kuma a rubuce.

Wannan kuwa, wato furucin kalma (كَلِمَةٌ), Balarabiya ce. Masana sun gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a game da ita. Aba ce wacce take da saiwa da kuma ƙari ko ɗafi. Sannan kuma take da azuzuwa. Mu dai a nan, za mu yi magana ne a kan ma’anar kalma, saiwar kalma, da kuma ɗafiya. Muna fata, wannan rubutu zai zama mai amfani ga masu karatu.

Ma’anar Kalma

Masana da dama sun yi maganganu dangane da ma’anar kalma, ammam a wannan rubutun mun ɗauki zancen Yahaya, Zariya, Gusau, da ‘Yar’aduwa (1992), da suka bata ma’ana ta cewa “Lafazi ce mai dunƙulalliyar ma’ana, wadda ake nunawa a rubuce ta hanyar barin fili tsakaninta da wata”.

Wannan ke nan. Sai dai, ƙarin haske a nan shi ne cewa, furucin ma idan an yi, kalmomi ake furtawa. Saboda haka kenan wannan ma’ana bata taƙaitu da iya rubutu kawai ba.

Saiwar Kalma

Saiwa, ita ce tushe ko jigo, ko gundarin kalma; wato kalmar ta asali, wacce ake yiwa ƙari domin samun cikakkiyar ma’ana. Wannan tushe na kama baya canjawa. Ƙarin da ake yi mata shi ya ke canjawa sannan kuma ana kiran ƙarin da ɗafi. Ɗafin nan kuma, hawa uku ne. Akwai ɗafa goshi, ɗafa ƙeya da kuma ɗafa ciki.

Ɗafa goshi, shi ne ƙarin da ake yiwa kalma a farkonta. Goshin kalma a fannin nahawun Hausa shi ne farkonta.

Ɗafa ƙeya, shi ne ƙarin da ake yiwa kalma a ƙarshenta. Ƙarshen kalma a fannin nahawunsa shi ne ƙarshenta.

Ɗafa ciki, shi ne ƙarin da ake yiwa kalma a tsakaiyarta. Tsakiyar kamla a fannin nahawun Hausa shi ne cikinta.

Cire Saiwar Kalma

Ana cire saiwar kalma a fitar da ita fili ta hanyar cire ɗafin da aka yi mata. Bari mu bayar da misali. Ga wasu kalmomi guda uku: kare, karya da kuma karnuka. Dukkan waɗannan kalmomi guda uku, an yi musu ƙari; wato ɗafi. Idan muka cire asalin ƙarin daga cikin kowace ɗaya, za mu samu asalin saiwar bata canja ba kamar haka:

Kare = kar. Wannan kalma ta kare, an yi mata ƙarin wasalin e, da muka cire shi sai muka samu kar.

Karya = kar, mun cire ya, ya zama kenan an yi mata ƙarin ya.

Karnuka = kar, mun cire nuka, wanda shi ne ƙarin da aka yi mata.

A cikin dukkan waɗannan kalmomi guda uku masu ma’anoni mabambanta, mu samu saiwa guda ɗaya wacce bata canja ba. Wato kar. Da aka yi mata ƙarin e, sai ta zama kare wanda ke da ma’ana ta namiji. Sannan aka sake yi mata ƙarin ya a karo na biyu, sai bada ma’anar jinsi mace. Daga ƙarshe kuma, da aka yi mata ƙarin nuka, sai ta bada ma’ana ta jama’u.

Gane Saiwar Kalma

Saiwar kalma kala biyu ce; akwai asalin saiwar kalmar da bata da ɗafi, akwai kuma saiwar kalma mai ɗafi wacce ba a gane ta sai an cire ɗafin kamar yadda ya gabata a misalai na sama.
Ana gane saiwar kalma mai ɗafi idan ƙarshenta ya zo da wasali. Wato dukkan kalmar da ƙarshenta ya zo da wasali, to wannan kalma tana da ɗafi wanda sai an cire sannan a samu saiwar. Haka nan kuma dukkan kalmar da ƙarshenta ya zo da baƙi, to wannan saiwa ce tsurarta. Ga wasu misalai:

Saiwa mai ɗafi: gida, bishiya, riga, rumfa, bene, rafi, rumbu, da sauransu. Idan muka cire wasulan ƙarshen kowace kalma sai mu samu gid, bishiy, rig, rumf, ben da kuma rumb.

Haka nan za mu iya ƙara sarrafa su ta hanyar yi musu wani ɗafin daban, su kuma bayar da wata ma’anar ta daban. Gid = gidaje, bishiy =  bishiyoyi, da sauransu.
Saiwa maras ɗafi: rangas, kurum, ƙwal, gab da sauransu.

  1. Ɗafe Goshi: muka ce shi ne ƙarin da ake yiwa kalma a farkonta. Misali, manazarci, masunci, bakanike, Bakano, da sauransu.
  2. Warwara: harrufan ma, ma, ba, da Ba da suka zo a farkon manazarci, masunci, bakanike, da Bakano, duk ɗafa goshi ne, saboda zuwansu a farkon saiwar kalmar.

  3. Ɗafe Ƙeya: haruffan i, i, e, da o, da suka zo a ƙarshen kalmomin manazarci, masunci, bakanike da Bakano, duka ɗafe ƙeya ne saboda zuwansu a ƙarshen kalmar.
  4. Ɗafe Ciki: ƙarin da ake yiwa saiwar kalma a tsakiyarta. Misalai, sarakai, falake, marake, da sauransu. Harrufan a, da ke tsakiyar waɗannan kalmomi guda uku, ɗafi ne aka yiwa saiwowinsu a ciki. Bari mu cire ɗafin mu gani; sark, falk da kuma mark. Waɗannan su ne saiwowin kalmomin. Bari mu juya su domin samun ƙarin fahimta. Sarki, falke, marke. To ina so ka cire ɗafin da aka yi musu daga baya, ka kwatanta da saiwowin ko akwai wani canji?

Manazarta:


Jinju M.H. (1981). Rayayyen Nahawun Hausa. Northern Nigerian Publishing Company Limited.

Sani M.A.Z. (1999). Tsarin Sauti da Nahawun Hausa. University Press PLC, Ibadan - Najeriya.

Sani M.A.Z., Muhammad A., da Rabeh B. (2000). Exam Focus Hausa Language Don Masu Rubuta Jarabawar WASSCE da SSCE. University Press PLC, Ibadan - Najeriya.

Yahaya I.Y., Zariya M.S., Gusau S.M., da ‘Yar’aduwa T.M. (1992). Darrusan Hausa Don Manyan Makarantun Sakandire 1. University Press PLC, Ibadan-Nigeria.

Yahaya I.Y., Zariya M.S., Gusau S.M., da ‘Yar’aduwa T.M. (1992). Darrusan Hausa Don Manyan Makarantun Sakandire 3. University Press PLC, Ibadan-Nigeria.

Zarruƙ R.M., Kafin Hausa A. A. da Alhassan B.S.Y. (1987). Sabuwar Hanyar Nazarin Hausa Don Ƙananan Makarantun Sakandire, Littafi na Biyu. University Press PLC, Ibadan-Nigeria


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