Shafin Farko

Masu Buƙata ta Musamman

Gabatarwa

Wanene yaro mai buƙata ta musamman? Cibiyar Dokokin Kula da Yara (Child Care Law Centre) da ke ƙasar Amurka (1990) ta fassara yaro mai buƙata ta musamman a matsayin yaron da yake buƙatar kulawa ta musamman sakamakon dalilai na zahirin jiki, ƙwaƙwalwa ko kuma cuɗanya. Sannan kuma a wasu lokutan akan keɓance yara masu naƙasa a matsayin yara masu buƙata ta musamman.

Kundin Ƙa’idojin Ilimin Musamman wanda Hukumar Ilimin Najeriya ta wallafa a shekarar 2015, ya siffanta mutane masu buƙatar musamman da cewa su ne masu mabambantan nau’ukan buƙatun musamman da suka haɗa da masu matsalar gani; masu matsalar ji; masu matsalar hankali; masu matsalar haɓɓaka (developmet); masu tawayar zahirin jiki da lafiyarsa; masu matsalar ɗabi’a/raunin hali; masu matsalar magana da sadarwa; masu matsalar koyon karatu; masu matsaloli da yawa; yaran da ke fuskantar hatsari; yara masu kaifin basira da sauransu.  Duk suna cikin jerin yara masu buƙatun musamman.

Kenan, za mu iya taƙaita magana da cewa, masu buƙata ta musamman (Yara ko manya), su ne mutanen da suka bauɗe (Suka saɓa) daga abin da aka saba da shi a rayuwar yau-da-kullum, wanda kuma wannan zai iya zama tawayar zahirin jiki; matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa, ko kuma kaifin basira.

Dukkan waɗannan mutane da aka zayyana a sama da ma wasunsu, suna da buƙatar muhallin karatu na musamman, kayan aiki na musamman, salo da dabarun karantarwa na musamman, malamai na musamman da sauransu gwargwadon buƙata.

Rabe-Raben Yara Masu Buƙata ta Musamman

Za mu iya karkasa mutane masu buƙata ta musamman zuwa manyan rukunai guda biyu:

  1. Masu Larura: Su ne waɗanda suke da matsala ta zahirin jiki, kamar guragu, makafi, kurame da sauransu; masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma masu matsalar walwala.
  2. Masu Kaifin Basira

Masu Larurar Zahirin Jiki

Mutane masu larurar zahirin jiki su ne waɗanda suka rasa wani sashen jikinsu; waɗanda ake kira naƙasassu. A cikinsu za mu samu

  1. Waɗanda wani sashen jikinsu ya cire, kamar hannu, ƙafa da sauransu.
  2. Waɗanda wani sashen jikinsu ya samu matsala, kamar irin su guragu, kutare, masu shanyewar ɓarin jiki da sauransu.
  3. Masu matsalar gani: Su ne waɗanda suke da larurar da ta shafi gani. Daga cikinsu akwai makafi; waɗanda basa gani samsam; masu dundumi; waɗanda basa iya gani a cikin duhu, su ne waɗanda basa iya gani sosai a cikin duhu musamman da daddare; masu gani hazo-hazo, su ne waɗanda basa iya ganin abu fes, kamar yadda yake; masu gajeren gani, su ne waɗanda basa iya ganin abu daga nesa, sai sun je kusa da shi dab, ko kuma wasu lokutan ma sai sun ɗaga abin kusa da ido; masu dogon gani, su ne waɗanda basa iya ganin abu idan yana kusa da su, sai sun yi nesa da shi.
  4.  Masu Matsalar Ji: Su ne kurame da bebaye.
  5.  Zabaya: Su ne mutane masu matsalar fata, waɗanda launin fatar jikinsu yake zama ruwan-ƙwai baki ɗayansa. Fatar takan kasance maras ƙarfi da kuma isasshiyar garkuwar jiki. Suna fama da ƙudaje, rashin jure wa zafi, tsokana daga yara. Saboda waɗannan dalilai da ma wasunsu, shi ya saka Hukumar Ilimin Najeriya a cikin Kundin Ƙa’aidojin Ilimin Musamman na shekarar 2015 suka saka zabaya a cikin jerin mutane masu buƙatar musamman a fannin ilimi.

Masu Larurar Lafiya

Su ne waɗanda ake cewa masu laulayi. Misali, yara masu ciwon sikila, borin jini da sauransu, sukan kasance yau da lafiya gobe babu, saboda haka suke buƙatar tsarin ilimin da zai dace da larurorinsu.

Masu Larurar Hankali

Su ne waɗanda suke da matsalolin da suka shafi tunani, koyon abubuwan da aka saba da su kamar saka takalmi da sauransu. A cikin wannan rukuni ake samun dolo, sakarai, shashasha, wawa da kuma masu nauyin ƙwaƙwalwa.

Masu Matsalar Cuɗanya

Su ne waɗanda basa iya cuɗanya da mutane kamar yadda ya kamata. A cikinsu akwai gaula/gailo da kuma asararre.

Masu Matsalar Magana

Su ne waɗanda suke da tangarɗa wajen magana. A cikinsu akwai masu saurin magana, masu barbarar magana, maus in-ina da masu nauyin magana. Da sauransu.

Manazarta:

Alhassan F.A. (2015). A Guide in Special Education. Tamasi Computers, Kano, Nigeria.

Child Care Law Centre (1990). Caring for Children With Speciall Need: The Americans With Disablities Act and Childe Care. Child Care Law Centre, USA. 10016, Deekay Printers, India.

National Council of Educational Research and Training (2001). Education of Children With Special Needs. Sri, Aurobinda Marg, New Delhi.

Federal Ministry of Education (2015). National Policy on Special Needs Education. Federal Ministry of Education, Abuja, Nigeria.

National Teachers Institute (2000). NCE/DLS Course Book On Education Cycle 4. National Teachers Institute, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Repp A.C. da Coutinho M.J. (2008). Special Education. Microsoft Encarta 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.