Shafin Farko

Jagorancin Walwala/Cuɗanya

Gabatarwa

Matasa a rayuwarsu ta yau-da-kullum, musamman a wannan zamanin da mu ke ciki sukan ci karo da matsalolin da warware su ke yi musu matuƙar wahala, waɗannan matsaloli kan zamo wa da damansu sanadi samun tangarɗa a kan abubuwan da suka saka a gaba.

Dandazon irin waɗannan matsaloli su suka muhimmantar da samuwar wannan fanni na jagorancin cuɗanya (social guidance) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rassan jagoranci (guidance). Babbar manufar wannan fanni ita ce taimaka wa mutane su samu mafita ga matsalolinsu na ɗaiɗaiku da suka shafi cuɗanya ko walwala.

Matashiya:  A wannan rubutu an fassara kalmar ‘social’ da walwala ko cuɗanya. Saboda haka an yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu cuɗanya da kuma walwala a  gurare dabam-dabam a matsayin kalma guda da ke fassara kalmar ‘social’.

Ma’anar Jagorancin Walwala

Guez da Allen (2000), sun fassara jagorancin cuɗanya (social guidance) da cewar, hanyoyi ne na taimakon mutum ya san yadda zai yi hulɗa da sauran mutane, dan ya inganta rayuwarsa. Shi kuwa Isiah (2012), ya kalle shi a matsayin; Hanyoyin taimakawa mutum ya daidaita (adjust) kansa, sannan kuma ya rayu cikin farin ciki a dukkan muhallin da ya samu kansa duk da irin bambamce-bambamcen da ke akwai na ra’ayi, al’adu, jinsi, da sauransu.

Shi mutum, a yunƙurinsa na ci gaba a rayuwa, yakan ci karo da wasu matsaloli da suka shafi rayuwarsa kamar damuwa (anxiety/frustration), rashin sanin kai, tsoro, rashin iya bayyanar da kai (wato rashin sanin yadda mutum zai bayyanar da kansa ga jama’a), yanke mummunan hukunci, shaye-shaye, cikin-shege, cutar ƙanjamau, rashin iya cuɗanya da jama’a, gazawa wajen tsara rayuwa, dogaro da wasu, rashin tarbiyya, kisan kai, da sauran miyagun halaye. To babbar manufar jagorancin cuɗanya ita ce taimakawa mutum ya warware waɗannan matsololi da zai iya cin karo da su a rayuwa.

Matsalolin Rayuwa da Maganinsu

Guez da Allen (2000), sun fito da waɗannan matsaloli da kuma hanyoyin warware su:

Damuwa

Yanayi ne na ɗimuwa da tashin hankali da mutum kan shiga sakamakon aikata wani aiki bisa kuskure kuma baya son gajiyawarsa ta bayyana.  Sannan cin karo da tangarɗar da ke kaiwa ga cimma burin rayuwa itama tana haifar da damuwa.

Horney (1950), ya faɗi cewa, idan irin wannan yanayi na damuwa ya samu, to ana iya kauce masa ta hanyar gasa (competition). Abin nufi a nan, shi ne cewa idan mutum ya ci karo da wasu matsaloli da suka kange shi daga cimma wani buri na rayuwa, to sai ya mayar da wannan  damuwar abokiyar gasa, ya dage ya ga cewa ya tsere mata. Ko kuma idan muhalli ne sai a bar muhallin a koma wani. Da abubuwan da suka yi kama da waɗannan.

Abubuwan da ke Haifar da Damuwa
  • Matsalar Gida (Family Problems): Rashin samun amincewar mahaifa game da wata buƙata, rashin nunawa yaro so da ƙauna, faɗa tsakanin ma’aurata (mata da miji), gasa tsakanin ‘yan’uwa, rashin samun isasshen zama da mahaifa, dukkan waɗannan da ma wasunsu, suna haifar da damuwa har ta kai ga an kasa taɓuƙa abin kirki a a rayuwa.
  • Rashin Kayan Aiki: Rashin wadata ɗalibi da kayan aiki ko ƙin biya masa kuɗin makaranta, kan saka shi ya ji cewa shi ƙasƙantacce ne, wanda hakan kuma kan haifar da rashin walwala a tsakanin ɗalibai, wanda ka iya kaiwa ga rashin taɓuka abin kirki a fagen karatu.
  • Matsalolin Makaranta: Rashin samun fahimtar juna da malamai ko abokan karatu, rashin cimma matakin da iyaye ke buƙata dangane da ƙwazon jarabawa, rashin ra’ayi a kan darasin da ake koya, jin tsoron faɗuwa jarabawa, da sauransu, suna haifar da damuwa ga ɗalibai.
  • Matsantawar Abokai (Peer Pressure): Rashin samun karɓuwa a wajen wasu ɗalibai da ake da buƙatar kasancewa tare da su, rashin wadata daidai da wasu ɗalibai, jin tsoron yin magana saboda rashin iya magana, da sauransu kan haifar da damuwa ga ɗalibi.
  • Makoma (Future): Yanke hukunci game da sana’a, ɗaukar ɗawainiya,  rashin kyakkyawar fahimtar kai, cin karo da abubuwa marasa tabbas, duk suna haifar da damuwa.

Rashin Sanin Kai

Sanin kai shi ne mutum ya san haƙiƙanin shi waye ta fuskacin ƙwazo da gajiyawa; wato kenan mutum ya san irin zurfin ilimin da yake da shi da kuma iya huruminsa, sannan ya san irin ƙarfin jiki da yake da shi da kuma rauninsa, sannan ya san irin lafiyar jiki da yake da ita da kuma tawayarta, sannan ya san irin ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin da yake da shi da kuma gazawarsa, sannan ya san menene ke faranta masa rai da kuma abin da ke ɓata masa, da sauransu. Idan mutum ya san kansa, to kuma sai ya gina rayuwarsa daidai da irin yanayinsa.

Guez da Allen (2000), sun bayyana cewa babbar fa’idar sanin kai ita ce taimakawa mutum wajen yanken hukuncin abun da mutum zai yi a rayuwa, da kuma irin abun da yake son zamowa. Saboda haka sanin kai shi ke taimaka mana wajen yiwa kai ƙa’ida da kuma sarrafa halaye. Suka ce haƙiƙanin sanin kai shi ne fahimtar me mutum yake so, sannan kuma me yake son zamowa a rayuwa. Idan aka ce me mutum yake son zamowa a rayuwa, ana nufin wacce irin sana’a yake so? Karanta Nazariyar Holland (1959), da kuma Jagorancin Sana’a, za su taimaka matuƙa gaya wajen zaɓin makomar rayuwa.

Taimakawa ɗalibai su fahimci kansu yadda ya dace, abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Sannan kuma shi sanin kai shi ke haifar da yarda da kai (self-esteem). Ga jerin wasu abubuwan da suke taimakawa wajen yarda da kai:

  • Muhimmanci (significance): Sanin muhimmancin da mutum yake da shi a wajen sauran jama’a, yana taimakawa matuƙa gaya wajen yarda da kai.
  • Ikon yin abu (competency): Ikon da mutum yake da shi na yin wani aiki, yana tabbatar masa da damar da yake da ita a cikin jama’a, kuma wannan yana haifar da kwanciyar hankali. Wato idan mutum ya san cewa idan an neme ni na yi kaza, to zan iya ba tare da matsala ba, wannan takan saka shi ya ji daɗi.
  • Kyawawan Halaye (virtue): Zamowar mutum mai kyawawan halaye yana saka mutum ya zama abun girmamawa a cikin jama’a, wanda hakan kuma ke saka shi kansa ya yarda da kansa.
  • Dama (power): Dama a nan na nufin irin tasirin da mutum yake da shi a cikin jama’a na faɗa-a-ji. Wannan ma abu ne da ke sa mutum ya yarda da kansa.

Hanyoyin Taimakawa Ɗalibai su Zama Masu Yarda da Kai (self-esteem)

Ya kamata mai bayar da shawa (counsellor) ya bi matakan da suka dace ya koyawa ɗalibai yarda da kai (self-esteem). Daga cikin irin waɗannan hanyoyi da zai bi akwai:

  • Ya ƙarfafi ƙungiyoyi su zama masu yarda da kansu, saboda yawancin dalilan da ke haifar da damuwa (stress), suna da dangantaka da rashin fahimtar kai.
  • Ya riƙa shirya darrusan jagoranci (guidance) dan ƙara wayar da ɗalibai game da kansu. Wannan zai taimaka sosai wajen warware matsalar rashin fahimtar kai da kuma rashin tabbas.
  • Ya riƙa koyawa ɗalibai hanyoyi magance damuwa a ƙungiyance da kuma ɗaiɗaikunsu.
  • Shi kansa mai bayar da shawarar ya zama yana iya magance tasa damuwar, dan ya zama kyakkyawan abun koyi.

Shaye-Shaye (Substance Abuse)

Wikipedia (1026), ya bayyana shaye-shaye da cewa akan kira shi da ‘Substance abuse’ ko ‘drug abuse’ wanda ke da ma’ana ta salon amfani da ƙwayoyi ta hanyar shan fiye da ƙima ko kuma ta salon da zai cutar da shi ko waninsa.

Dalilan da ke Saka Matasa Shaye-Shaye

Akiwa dalilai da dama da masana suka zayyana a matsayin abubuwan da ke saka matasa shaye-shaye, daga cikin irin waɗannan dalilai, Guez da Allen (2000), sun zayyano waɗannan:

  • Tasirin abokai.
  • Jin daɗi, wasu daga cikin matasa sun ce sukan ji daɗi idan suka yi shaye-shaye.
  • Rashin tabbas; rashin tabbas a nan na nufin rashin yarda da kai. Faruwar wata damuwa kamar rashin samun amincewar iyaye kan wata buƙata ko rashin biyan buƙatar, da makamantansu kan jefa matasa cikin shaye-shaye saboda rashin tabbas a ƙashin-kansu da su matasan suke da ita.
  • Sabo, wasu matasan basa gane kansu har sai sun yi shaye-shaye musamman ma wiwi.

Abubuwan da Aka fi Sha

Binciken da cibiyar Webmd gudanar ta bayyana abubuwan da za a zayyano a matsayin kayan shaye-shayen da aka fi amfani da su:

  • Taba: Jama’a sun bayar da dalilai da dama na shan taba da suka haɗa da nishaɗi, ƙarin ƙarfin jiki, samun sauƙin damuwa, rage raɗaɗin yunwa, da kuma rage nauyin jiki.
  • Babban sinadarin da ke da illa a cikin taba shi ne sinadarin nikotin ‘nicotine’, amma taba tana ɗauke da sidarai masu cutar da lafiya da yawa. Illolin taba sun haɗa da cututtukan zuciya, kansar huhu, cutar alsa, da kuma uwa-uba shanyewar ɓarin jiki. Alamomin cutar shan taba sun haɗa da damuwa, ramewa, yawan barci, da kuma gajiya.
  • Shan taba yana kashe mutanen da yawansu ya kusa rabin miliyan a duk shekara (wannan adadin a iya ƙasar Amurka ne kawai), kuma yana haifar da hasarar kuɗin da yawansu ya kai Dala biliyan ɗari uku ($300 billion) a duk shekara (shima a iya Amurka kawai).
  • Shan Giya: Yawan shan giya yana haifar da cututtuka kamar kansar ciki, kumburin zuciya, cutar hanta, da sauransu.
  • Shan giya kusan shi ke haifar da kusan rabin hatsarin mota da ake yi (A Amurka). An yi ƙiyasin cewa a shekarar 1992, shan giya ya haifarwa da ƙasar Amurka hasarar Dala biliyan ɗari da hamsin ($150 billion).  
  • Shan Ganye (Marijuana): Mashaya ganye sun bayyana cewa sukan sha ne saboda nishaɗi, samun hutu, da kuma taimakawa ƙwaƙwalwa wajen tunani. Illolin ganye sun fi na taba, saboda shan ganye kan iya kaiwa ga rasa hankali baki ɗaya. Ƙarin a kan waɗancan illolin shan tabar. Sannan kuma bincike ya tabbatar da cewa, a ƙasar Amurka,  kimanin yara miliyan ashirin da biyu da ɗigo biyu (22.2 million) na yara ne ‘yan shekaru goma sha biyu zuwa sama suke shan ganye.

Amma a Najeriya, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (2009), ta zayyana ganye (marijuana), kodin (codein), koken (cocaine), hashish, kitamin (ketamine), nikotin (nicotine), da sauransu a matsayin kayan maye da aka fi sha.

Illoli Shaye-Shaye

Sober Media Group (2016), sun bayyana cewa, ƙwayoyi suna aiki ne ta hanyar taƙalo ko motso (stimulating) sassan jiki ciki kuma har da wasu sassan ƙwaƙwalwa. Da yawa daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙwayoyi da ake sha suna haifar da gajeruwar illa (ƙaramar illa) kamar harbawar zuciya (heart rate), hawan jini (High blood pressure), jiri (dizziness), hayaniya (tremors); wato ya zama mutum yana jin sauti amma ba mai ma’ana ba ko ya riƙa jin shuuuuuu, da sarunsu, canjin yanayi (mood changes), da kuma tsananin zargi (paranoia), misali, mashaya ganye sukan zama masu maƙutar ladabi a ƙoƙarinsu na kuɓuta daga zaton da suke yi cewa an gane halin da suke ciki, to dan su bayyana akasin haka sai su zama masu matuƙar ladabi ga kowa, wasu lokutan ma suka durƙusa su gaishe da dabbobi.

Babbar illar da shaye-shaye kan haifar kuwa sukan buƙaci magani daga cibiyoyin ƙwararru wasu lokutan ma sukan kai har ga gushewar hankali da takan kai ga danganawa da asibitin masu taɓin hankali. Daga cikin irin waɗannan illoli akwai:    Mummunan zargi (Paranoia), tawayar garkuwar jiki (Immune deficiencies), da kuma lalacewar sassan jiki (Organ damage), da sauransu.

Ƙiriniyar  Yarinta (Juvenile Delinquency)

Yara manyan gobe! An yi amfani da kalmar ƙiriniya a nan a matsayin kalmar laifi, saboda Bahaushe kan yi amfani da wasu kalmomi wajen sakaya mummunan abu, yaran da ke aikata laifuffuka akan ce da su masu ƙiriniya ko marasa ji.

Waɗannan kalmomi guda biyu ‘Juvenile’ da kuma ‘Delinquency’, suna da ma’anoni da yawa. Ta farkon wato ‘juvenile’ tana nufin yarinta, ko mutumin da bai balaga ba (Encarta Dictionary, 2009; WordWeb, 2007). Sannan a mafiya yawan jahohin ƙasar Amurka ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin yaran da basu kai shekaru 18 ba (Robert, 2016; Wikipedia, 2016). A Najeriya kuma, ‘juvenile’ shi ne yaron da kotun yara (juvenile court) ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin wanda ya aikata laifi (Edet, 2012).

Ita kuma kalmar ‘Delinquency’ tana nufin dukkan wata halayyar da ta saɓawa ƙa’ida wacce yara ke yi a lokacin yarinta (Encarta, 2009).

Idan kuma aka gwama su suka zama ‘juvenile delinquency’ to suna da ma’ana ta, karya doka da yaran da shari’a bata kalle su a matsayin cikakkun mutane ba ke aikawata (Guez da Allen, 2000). Ko kuma aikata abubuwan da suka saɓawa shari’a da yara ke yi (Wikipedia, 2016).  Kudin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya na 1979 ya fassara ‘juvenile delinquency’ a matsayin laifuffukan da yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 suke aikatawa, sakamakon tsantawar abokai, ko ƙoƙarin kuɓucewa fushin iyaye, ko kuma dan biyan buƙatun kansu (Edet, 2012).

Laifuffukan Yara

Waɗannan laifuffuka akwai manya da kuma ƙanana, wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan laifuffuka idan cikakken mutum ya aikata su sukan kai shi ga zaman gidan-kaso, ko kuma ma a wasu lokutan hukuncin kisa.

Manyan laifuffukan su ne: Sata, fashi, kisan kai (murder), ƙunar-baƙin-wake (suicide), faɗe (rape), shan giya, haura gidaje, fasa kanti, cin-zarafin-mutane (assault), shaye-shaye, karuwanci (prostitution), mafiya (cultism) da sauransu. Dukkan waɗannan laifuffuka idan muka duba su manyan laifuffuka ne da idan babban mutum ya aikata su to ya shiga wahala, amma su nasu ana kiranasa da ‘status offense’.

Ƙananan laifukan kuma kusan su ne: rashin bin iyaye, fashin makaranta (truancy), gudun makaranta (school drop-out), satar jarabawa (examination malpractice), ƙazanta, rashin shiga jama’a, saurin fushi, yawan faɗa, da sauransu.

Abubuwan da ke Saka Yara Aikata Laifuffuka

Adebayo (2015), ya zayyano ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin iyaye (family’s economic background), shaye-shaye (substance abuse), ƙungiyoyin masu ƙiriniya (delinquency group), yawan cuɗanya da hatsaniya (repeated exposure to violence), ƙaruwar samuwar makamai –kamar bingiga (increased availability of fire-arms), da sauransu.

Banham Bridges (ba kwanan wata), ya zayyano abubuwa masu zuwa a matsayin dalilan da ke jawo aukuwar laifuka daga yara, ya karkasa waɗannan dalilai zuwa manyan kaso shida, wanda kuma kowane ɗaya daga cikinsu yake da ‘ya’ya kamar haka:

  • Dalilai na Zahiri (Physical Factors); dalilan zahiri a nan suna nufin abubuwan da suke da dangantaka da zahirin jiki. A nan ya kawo abubuwa kamar: rashin abinci mai gina jiki (Malnutrition), rashin barci (Lack of sleep), rashin ci gaban jiki (Developmental aberrations), matsalar gani (Sensory defects), matsalar magana (Speech defects), naƙasa ko tawaya (Deformities), shaye-shaye (Drug addiction), da kuma tasirin yanayi (Effect of weather).
  • Dalilan Hankali (Mental Factors): Wannan kuma su ne abubuwan da suka shafi hankali, ya zayyano abubuwa kamar; tawayar hankali (Mental defect), kaifin ƙwaƙwalwa (Superior intelligence), ruɗewa (Psychoses), zumuɗi (emotional instability), kokwanto (Mental conflicts), halaya da masaniya game da jima’i (Sex habits and experiences), da sauransu.
  • Yanayin Gida (Home Conditions): Wannan dalili ne mai ƙarfi, a wannan ajin ya zayyano abubuwa da suka haɗa da: Yanayi maras tsafta (Unsanitary conditions), rashin abun hannu (Material deficiencies), ƙazamar dukiya (excess in material things), talauci da rashin aikin yi (Poverty and unemployment), rabuwar aure (Broken homes), tawayar jiki ko taɓin hankalin iyaye ko ‘yan’uwa (Mental and physical abnormalities of parents, or siblings), rashin tarbiyyar iyaye (Immoral and delinquent parents), mummunar kulawa daga ‘yar-reno, ƙannen iyaye, ko masu kula da yaro (Ill-treatment by foster parents, step-parents, or guardians), rashin kulawar iyaye da rashin nuna soyayya (Lack of parental care and affection), rashin tabbas da kuma gaskiya tsakanin iyaye da ‘ya’ya (Lack of confidence and frankness between parents and children), rashin cikakkiyar tarbiyya da mummunan jagoranci (Deficient and misdirected discipline), rashin kyakkyawar dangataka da ‘yan’uwa (Unhappy relationship with siblings), mummunan misali (Bad example), da sauransu.
  • Yanayin Makaranta (School Conditions): A nan ya zayyano abubuwa da suka haɗa da, rashin isassun gine-gine da kayan aiki (Inadequate school building and equipment), rashin isassun kayan wasanni (Inadequate facilities for recreation), tsarin makaranta mai tsauri (Rigid and inelastic school system), munanan dokoki (Poor laws), kuskuren tsarin sakamako (Wrong grading), rashin ƙwararrun malamai (Unsatisfactory teachers), munanan halayen ɗalibi ga malami (Undesirable attitude of pupil towards teachers), da kuma munanan abokan makaranta da dokokin halaye ( Bad school companions and codes of morals).
  • Yanayin Maƙwabta (Neighborhood Conditions): A nan ya zayyano abubuwa kamar haka; cinkoson gidaje da muhalli (Congested neighborhood and slums), gurɓatattun halaye a unguwa (Disreputable morals of the district), kusanci da dukiya da jin-daɗi (Proximity of luxury and wealth), tasirin zauna-gari-banza da halayensu (Influence of gangs and gang codes), kaɗaitaka da rashin guraren walwala (Loneliness, lack of social outlets), da kuma fina-finai da diramomi masu harzuƙarwa (Overstimulating movies and Shows).
  • Yanayin Sana’a (Occupational Conditions): A nan ya faɗi abubuwan da suka haɗa da; rashin tsayayyiyar sana’a (Irregular occupation), sana’ar da bata dace ba (Occupational misfit), yalwar lokaci da lalaci (Spare time and idleness), fashi (Truancy), tasirin masana’anta (Factory influences), da sauransu.

Hanyoyin Magance Afkuwar Ƙiriniyar Yara

Guez da Allen (2000) sun bayyana cewa, kiyaye afkuwar laifuffukan da yara ke aikatawa nauyi ne da ya rataya a kan iyaye (parents), malaman makaranta (teachers), shugabannin addinai (religious leaders), dukkanin al’umma (the community), da kuma masu bayar da shawara (counsellors).

Hanyoyin magance aikata laifuffukan kuwa sun haɗa da samar da nagartattun fannonin karatu (school programmes), da kuma samar da kyakkyawar manhajar karatu (curriculum) da ta dace da dukkan nau’ukan yara (masu hazaƙa, matsakaita, da ma masu buƙatun musamman), Guez da Allen (2000). Haka nan ta ɓangaren iyaye su zama suna nunawa yara soyayya da kuma kulawa da zirgazirgarsu a dukkan matakai.

Manazarta:

Adebayo A. A. (2015). Causes and Effects of Juvenile Delinquency Among Adolescents (a Case Study of Senior Secondary School Students in Odeda Local Government Area of Ogun State). School of Education, Federal College of Education, Osiele, Abeokuta.

Banham B. K. M. (Ba kwanan wata). Factors Contributing to Juvenile Delinquency. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 17, Issue 4 Febuary Article 3, Winter 1927.

Edet E. D. (2012). The Nature and Consequences of Juvenile Delinquency in Nigeria: A Study of Enugu North L.G.A., Enugu State. Department of Sociology, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Enugu.

Isaiah A. (2012). Guidance and Counselling. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: http://1-guidance-and-counselling.blogspot.com.ng/2012/11/guidance-and-counseling.html

Guez W. da Allen J. (2000). Guidance. UNESCO Printed in France.

Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and Human Growth, Auxiliary Council to the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. New York.

National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (2009). Drug Facts. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: www.ndlea.gov.ng/

Robert C.H. (2016). Juvenile Delinquency: Cause and Effect. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units /2000/2/00.02.05.x.html


Sober Media Group (2016). Get the Facts on Substance Abuse. http://drugabuse.com /library/get-the-facts-on-substance-abuse/

Webmd (2016). Substance Abuse. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/substance-abuse

Wikipedia (2016). Juvenile Delinquency. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency