Shafin Farko    Darrusa    Tarihi    Tarihin Jama'a    Sauti    Takardu

Saikolojo

Gabatarwa

Saikoloji, fanni ne na karatu, wanda a cikin sa ake karantar halaye da kuma zuciya a kimiyyance. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da dukkan wani abu da ya shafi hali, wanda ka iya zama kyakkyawa ko akasin haka, da kuma dukkan wani abu da ya shafi zuciya, kamawa daga tunani, abubuwan da ke ɗamfare da tunani, kaifin ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran su. Wannan rubutu da mai karatu ke karantawa, zai yi ɗan gajeren tsokaci ne game wannan fanni na ilimi. A cikin sa za a fahimci menene saikoliji, waɗanne fa’idoji ne ke tattare da karantar sa, waɗanne rassa ya ke da su, da sauran abubuwa makamantan wannan.

Menene Saikooji

Saikoloji shi ne nazarin zuciya da kuma halaye ko ɗabi’un mutane a kimiyyance. An kuma aza wannan fanni (psychology) a gidan kimiyya (science), ne saboda bin hanya irin ta kimiyya da ya ke yi wajen gudanar da bincike (research) da kuma tattara bayanai (information gathering).

Ana rubuta shi kamar haka ‘Psychology’ a Turance. Mutumin da ya ke da ilimin wannan fanni; wato masanin saikoloji, shi kuma ana kiransa da ‘Psychologist’. Wannan kalma ta ‘Psychology’, kalmomi ne guda biyu aka haɗa su waje guda, waɗanda kuma an samo su ne daga yaren Girkanci. Kalmomin su ne, ‘psyche’, wacce ke da ma’ana ta soul, wacce kuma ke nufin ruhi da kuma ‘logos’ wacce ita kuma ta ke nufin study, da ma’ana ta nazari kamar yadda ya zo a (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). Amma ra’ayin farfesa Stango (2011), ya bambanta game da fassarar waɗannan kamlomi ‘psyche’ ya ce tana nufin life, da ma’ana ta rai, sai kuma ‘logos’ wacce ya kalle ta a matsayin ‘explanation’ da ma’ana ta ƙarin bayani.

Wannan fanni na ilimi, fanni ne mai faɗin gaske, wanda ke nazartar abubuwa da dama kamar irin su koyo da kuma ƙwaƙwalwa, kallo da kuma fahimta, kwaɗaitarwa da kuma zaburantarwa, tunani da kuma yare, halaye da kuma halin walwala, hankali, jarirantaka, lokacin ƙuruciya, matsalolin tunani, da sauran su. Haka nan ma sukan nazarci ƙwaƙwalwa, yadda ake sarrafa bayanai, da kuma tasirin al’adu da al’umma game da koyo, da sauran abubuwa masu tarin yawa.

Wannan fanni shi ke samar da amso shi ga wasu tuhumomi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin ɗan’adam, kamar irin su kaifin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane wajen bambance fuskoki, abubuwan da ke kwaɗaitar da mutane wajen zaɓin abokai da kuma auratayya, dalilan da ke saka damuwa, fahimtar kai da kuma samun damar kyakkyawar hulɗa da sauran mutane, da kuma uwa uba samar da hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke addabar mutane, da sauran abubuwa masu tarin yawa.

Dangantakar Saikoloji da Wasu Fannonin Kimiyya

  1. Saikoloji ya garwaya da wasu fannonin kimiyya da ke da ruwa da tsaki wajen gudanar da bincike game da sha’anin hankali da kuma halayya. Ya yi tarayya da fannin kimiyyar halittu musamman Fisiyoloji (physiology), wanda ya ke fanni ne da ke nazartar ayyukan halittu (living organism) da kuma sassan su a mahangar kimiyyar halittu (biological study). Wasu masana saikoloji, suna nazartar ayyukan cikin sassan jiki ta hanyar bayar da ƙarfi kan ayyukan zuciya da kuma jijiyoyi (nervous system) a mahangar kimiyyar halittu kamar takwarorin su masana fisiyoloji.
  2. Saikoloji ya gauraya da wasu fannonin kimiyyar walwala (social sciences) kamar irin su soshiyoloji (sociology) da kuma anturofoloji (anthropology), waɗanda su ka duƙufa wajen nazartar al’ummu (societies) da kuma al’adu (culture). Shi soshiyoloji yana nazartar yadda cuɗanya ke tasiri  a kan halaye. Shi kuwa antufoloji yana nazartar halaye ne ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan dangantaka tsakanin al’adu a duniya. Ta nasa ɓangare, shi saikoloji yana nazartar yadda halayen ɗaiɗaikun mutane ya ke tasirantuwa a cikin jama’a.
  3. Akwai dangantaka tsakanin saikoloji da fishiyatiri. Shi fishiyatiri, fanni ne na likitanci wanda ke nazartar cututtukan hankali (mental illness). Haka nan ma saikoloji ke nazartar wannan matsala ta cututtukan hankali.

Rassan Saikoloji

  1. Kilinikal Saikoloji (Clinical psychology), reshe ne na saikoloji da ke kula da nazarin cututtukan hankali da kuma hanyoyin magance su.
  2. Industiriyal Saikoloji (Industrial psychology), reshe ne da ke kula da abin da ya shafi ɗaukar ma’akata a ma’aikata da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi wannan.
  3. Saikolojin Yara (child psychology), reshe ne da ke amfanin da nazariyyoyin saikoloji (psychological theories), da sauran bincike-bincike da kuma dabarun gudanar da binciken (methods) game da yara.
  4. Saikolijin Ilimi (educational psychology), reshe ne da ke nazarin harkokin da suka shafi koyo da koyarwa, kamar irin su matakan koyo (learning process), matsalolin da ke ɗamfare da koyar da ɗalibai, da sauran su.
  5. Saikolojin Walwala (social psychology), reshe ne da ke nazartar gamayyar ƙawancen jama’a game da walwala da kuma halayya.

Manazarta:


Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010). Psychology. Encyclopaedia, Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite.  Chicago.

Kassin S. (2008). Psychology. Microsoft Student 2009 [DƁD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.

Stangor C. (2011). Introduction to Psychology. Massachuset Institute of Technology. USA.

Wikipedia (2017). Psychology. An ciro a shekarar 2017, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology


Shafin Kwamfuta


Zamantakewa