Tarayyar Afirka

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Tarayyar Afirka



Tambarin Tarayyar Afirka


Gabatarwa

Tarayya wata gamayya ce ko ƙungiya da ƙasashe ke haɗuwa su kafa da nufin cimma wata buƙata tasu. Wannan buƙata takan iya kasancewa ta hana yaƙi ne a tsakanin juna kamar yadda aka sani ko kuma bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ta hanyar cinikayya. Afirka yanki ce (continent) daga cikin yankunan duniya guda bakwai wacce ta haɗa ƙasashe hamsin da biyu (54) dukka masu ‘yancin kansu.

Asali

A ra’ayin Wikipedia (2011), Tarayyar Afirka tarayya ce da ta samo asali daga yunƙurin shugaba Hailie Selassie na ƙasar Itofiya da kuma shugaba Kwame Nkrumah na ƙasar Ghana a yunƙurinsu na haɗe ƙasashen Afirka su zama abu guda. Wannan ya biyo bayan rugujewar ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka mai suna (Union of Independent African States) wacce ta rayu tsawon shekarun da basu wuce uku zuwa huɗu ba (1958 – 1963). Waccar ƙungiya ta haɗa ƙasashen Afirka guda uku ne kawai wanda kuma hakan ya biyo bayan kaɗa ƙuri’ar cin ‘yancin-gashin-kai da ƙasar Guinea ta yi wanda ya haifar da katsewar samar da tallafin da take samu daga uwar-gijyarta Faransa wanda ya yi sanadiyar jefa ƙasar cikin mayuwacin halin tattalin arziƙi kuma hakan ta haifar da samun bashi daga ƙasar Ghana wacce ita ke da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi a matsayin ƙasa mai ‘yancin kai a wannan lokaci.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya haifar da haɗuwar Nkrumah da Ahmed Seku Touré su tattauna a Conakry babban birnin Guinea don tallafawa ƙasar ta Guinea wanda kuma shi ya haifar da kafa wannan ƙungiya ta nan take kasancewa su waɗannan mutane guda biyu suna daga cikin jaruman ‘yan gwagwarmayar ƙwatar ‘yancin ƙasashen Afirka daga mulkin danniya na Turawan mulkin mallaka. Wannan ƙungiya ta haɗa ƙasashen Guinea da Ghana inda kuma daga bisani ƙasar Mali ta shiga cikinsu a Shekara 1960 dukkansu a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ƙasashen uku: Kwame Nkrumah na Ghana, Ahmed Sékou Touré na Guinea da Modibo Keïta na Mali (Wikipedia 2014). Amma Oxfam International (2012) suna ganin cewa tarihin kafuwar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) da magabaciyarta ƙungiyar Haɗin kan Afirka (OAU) ya faro ne tun daga Guguwar neman haɗin kan ƙasashen Afirka mai taken “Pan-Africa” a cikin ƙarni na 21 da kuma sha’awar da shugabannin Afirka suke da ita ta haɗe ƙasashen na Afirka su zama abu guda don cin moriyar tattalin arziƙin juna da kuma taimakawa talakawan ƙashen na Afirka kamar yadda suka ruwaito a ra’ayin (Adi da Sherwood, 2003).


Tutar Tarayyar Afirka

OAU

Bayan wancan tunani da kuma yunƙuri da waɗancan shugabanni guda biyu suka ɗauki shekaru suna yi, a taron da aka gabatar a Addis Ababa babban birnin Itofiya a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu na 1963, ƙasashe 30 daga cikin ƙasashe 32 na Afirka masu ‘yancin kai, suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa wannan ƙungiya ta haɗin kan Afirka mai suna Organization of African Union a Turance kuma abar taƙaitawa da (OAU). Kafin shekarar ta ƙare suma sauran biyun suka rattaba nasu hannun. Sai dai daga baya a shekarar 1985 ƙasar Maroko ta fita daga wannan ƙungiya.

OAU/AEC

Tun wancan lokaci da aka kafa wannan ƙungiya ta ci gaba da gudanar da tarurrukanta don tattauna yadda za a kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa a yankin Afirka. Daga cikin irin waɗannan tarurruka an gudanar da wani a jahar Lagos taNajeriyaa shekarar 1980 inda suka tattauna kan jadawalin gudanar da ayyuka. Wannan tattaunawa ta fito fili bayan da waɗannan shugabanni suka sake zama a Abuja ta Najeriya a shekarar 1991 zaman da ya kai ga ƙirƙirar Kwamatin Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka “African Economic Community (AEC)”. Tun daga shekarar 1994, Tarayyar ta kama aiki da waɗannan ƙudurori guda biyu (Yarjejeniyar farko ta 1963 da kuma yarjejeniyar Abuja ta 1991).

Rikiɗewar OAU/AEC Zuwa Tarayyar Afirka (AU)

An ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo shugabannin Mambobin-jahohin wannan tarayya suna ta gudanar da tarurruka, kan yadda za a faɗaɗa waccar yarjejeniya ta farko, a wani taro da aka gudanar a Sirte ta ƙasar Libiya a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 1999 aka cimma matsaya kan kafa Tarayyar Afirka wacce za ta dace da muradun “OAU” da “AEC” wanda wannan shi ya samar da kafar tsara dokar kafa Tarayyar Afirka da aka yi a zaman da aka gudanar a Lome ta ƙasar Togo a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli 2000. A cikin 2001 aka yi wani zaman na musamman a Lusaka ta ƙasar Zambiya inda aka zayyana hanyoyin da za a bi wajen kafa wannan tarayya (AU). Wannan zama shi ya kai ga ƙaddamar da wannan Tarraya ta Afirka a garin Durban na Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2002. Daga wannan rana OAU da AEC suka narke suka koma AU.

Rassan Gwamnati

Wannan tarayya ta Afirka tana da manyan rassa guda tara da suka haɗa da:

  1. Majalisar Ƙoli (The Assembly of the Union);
  2. Majalisar Zartarwa (The Executive Council);
  3. Majalisar Fan-Afirka (The Pan-African Parliament);
  4. Kotun Adalci (The Court of Justice);
  5. Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka (The Commission);
  6. Kwamatin Wakilan Din-din-din (The Permanent Representatives Committee);
  7. Kwamitocin Ƙwararru (The Specialised Technical Committees);
  8. Hukumar Tsimi, Walwala da Al’adu (The Economic, Social and Cultural Council);
  9. Hukumomin Kuɗi (The Financial Institutions).

Majalisar Ƙoli (The Assembly of the Union)

Majalisar ƙoli ita ce babbar majalisar Tarayyar Afirka wacce ke da alhakin ɗaukar mataki na ƙarshe a dukkan gudarwar tarayyar. Mambobin wannan majalisa su ne shugabannin ƙasashen jahohin wannan tarayya. Majalisar tana gudanar da zamanta sau biyu a cikin watan Janairu (January) da Yuli (July) na kowace shekara. Takan kuma gudanar da wani zaman idan buƙatar hakan hakan ta taso tare da samun goyon bayan kashi biyu bisa uku na mambobinta. Akan zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙasashen-mambobinta ya zamar mata ciyaman wanda ake sabunta shi a duk bayan shekara ɗaya.

Majalisar Zartarwa (The Executive Council)

Majalisar zartarwa, majalisa ce da ta ƙunshi ministocin harkokin waje na mambobin-jahohi ko kuma duk wanda ƙasar ta wakilta. Ita dai wannan majalisa takan gudanar da zamanta sau biyu a kowace shekara da kuma duk lokacin da buƙatar zaman ta taso tare da yarjewar kashi biyu bisa uku na mambobinta. Wannan majalisa ita ke da alhakin sadar da tsakani (coordinating) da kuma ɗaukar mataki (decision making) a kan dukkan wani ƙudurin-doka da ƙasashen-mambobi suka samu tarayya ko daidaiton buƙata (common interest) a kanta. Daga cikin waɗannan buƙatu akwai: Cinikayya tsakanin ƙasa-da-ƙasa,nomanhaɗin guiwa tsakanin ƙasashe, kiwon dabbobi, musayar fasaha, gina kamfanoni, zamowa ɗanƙasa da harkar shigi-da-fici, da sauransu.

Majalisar Fan-Afirka (The Pan-African Parliament)

An kafa wannan majalisa a shekarar 2004. Babbar manufar yin hakan ita ce samar da wata kafa da za ta toshe ‘yar ɓarakar da ke akwai tsakanin mambobin-jahohin wannan tarayya. An yi wa wannan majalisa matsugunni na din-din-din a Midrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. Wannan majalisa ita ke da alhakin saka ido, jan-hankali, wayar da kai, a kan duk wani lamari da ya shafi fahimtar doka da aiwatar da ita don ganin cewa dukkan muradu, buƙatu, manufofi, dokoki da ƙudurorin Tarayyar Afirka sun samu karɓauwa a tsakanin mambobin-jahohi.

Kotun Adalci (The Court of Justice)

Wannan reshe na Tarayyar Afirka shi ne ɓangaren shari’a na tarayyar wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar matakan doka tare kuma da kare haƙƙin mambobin-jahohi da ‘yan ƙasarsu.

Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka (The Commission)

Wannan hukuma ita ce tushe ko jigon Tarayyar Afirka wacce ke a matsayin sakatariyar (Secretariat) Tarayyar. Ita ke wakiltar tarayyar ta kuma kare muradunta bisa kulawar Majalisar Ƙoli da kuma Majalisar Zartarwa. Tana da matuƙar tasiri wajen gudanarwar yau-da-kullum na tarayyar. Wannan hukumar tana da rassa guda takwas kamar haka: Zaman lafiya da tsaro (Peace and Security), harkokin siyasa (Political Affairs), cinikayya da masana’antu (Trade and Industry), makamashi da kayan aiki (Infrastructure and Energy), walwala da jin daɗi (Social Affairs), tattalin arziƙin karkara da harkar noma (Rural Economy and Agriculture), kimiyya, fasaha da arziƙin jama’a (Human Resources, Science and Technology) da kuma harkokin tsimi da tanadi (Economic Affairs).

Kwamatin Wakilan Din-din-din (The Permanent Representatives Committee)

Wannan kwamati ya ƙunshi wakilan din-din-din na tarayyar da kuma wasu wakilan masu faɗa-a-ji daga mambobin-jahohi. Wannan kwamati shi ke da alhakin shisshirya ayyukan Majalisar Zartarwa sannan kuma yana aiki ne bisa umarnin Majalisar Zartarwa. Yana da dama ta kafa kwamitocin gudanar da aikinsa a duk lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso.

Kwamitocin ƙwararru (The Specialised Technical Committees)

Kwamitocin ƙwararru kwamitoci ne guda bakwai da suka haɗa da:

  1. Kwamatin harkokin tattalin arziƙin karkar da abubuwan da suka shafiaikin gona(The Committee on Rural Economy and Agricultural Matters).
  2. Kwamatin harkokin kuɗi da kadarori (The Committee on Monetary and Financial Affairs).
  3. Kwamatin harkokin cinikayya, fasa-ƙwauri da shigi-da-fici (The Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigration Matters).
  4. Kwamatin kamfanoni, kimiyya, fasaha, makamashi, ma’adanai da muhalli (The Committee on Industry, Science and Technology, Energy, Natural Resources and Environment)
  5. Kwamatinsufuri,sadarwa da yawon buɗe ido (The Committee on Transport, Communications and Tourism).
  6. Kwamatin harkokin lafiya, ƙwadago da walwala da jindaɗi (The Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs).
  7. Kwamatin ilimi, al’adu, da arziƙin jama’a (The Committee on Education, Culture and Human Resources).

Mambobin waɗannan kwamitoci su ne ministocin ƙasashen-jahohi ko kuma ofisa mafi girma a fannin da abin ya shafa. Wannan kwamati yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Majalisar Zartarwa wanda babban aikinsa shi ne shirya ayyuka na musamman (Kamar gine-gine d.s.), kulawa da gudanawar ayyukan, bayar da shawarwari ga Majalisar Zartarwa da sauran ayyuka na ƙwararru.

Hukumar Tsimi, Walwala da Al’adu (The Economic, Social and Cultural Council)

Wannan hukuma da aka taƙaita cikin waɗannan harrufa “ECOSOCC”, hukuma ce da ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru dana sa kai daga ƙasashen-jahohi. An samar da ita a shekarar 2005 don ta ƙulla dangataka tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Afirka da ƙungiyoyin Jama’a.

Hukumomin Kuɗi (The Financial Institutions)

Tarayyar Afirka tana da hukumomin kuɗi guda uku da aka kafa su da nufin haɓɓaka harkokin cinikayya da walwalar kuɗaɗe a tsakanin ƙasashen-jahohi. Waɗannan hukumomi su ne: Bankin Masana’antu na Afirka (African Investment Bank “AIB”) wanda ke da alhakin haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta hanyar zuba jari, Asusun Kadarori na Afirka (African Monetary Fund “AMF”), wanda ke da alhakin sarƙafa tattalin arziƙin Afirka ta hanyar kawar da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ƙasashe ta fuskacin taƙaita cinikayya da hada-hadar kuɗaɗe, da kuma Babban Bankin Afirka (African Central Bank “ACB”) da ke da alhakin ganin an samar da wani ƙudurin kuɗi guda ɗaya tilo a tsakankanin ƙasashen Afirka (wato ya zama a iya faɗin Afirka akwai wani nau’in kuɗin da duk ƙasar da aka shiga za a iya kashe su a kasuwannin da shagunan ƙasar).

Manazarta:


Aguilar M., Watson T. da Verge D. (2008). NMUN•08 National Model United Nations. An ciro a shekarar 2016 daga shafin: www.nmun.org/ny_archives/08%20Guides/AU_08.pdf

Laporte G. da Mackie J. (2010). Building the African Union An assessment of past progress and future prospects for the African Union's Institutional Architecture. The Nordic Africa Institute.

Oxfam International. (2012). African Union Compendium. Modern Centre for Business Services - Ethiopia.

Paterson M. (2012). The African Union at Ten: Problems, Progress, and Prospects, International Colloquium Report, 30-31 August 2012, Berlin, Germany. Kult Creative, Cape Town, South Africa.

Wikipedia (2014). History of the African Union. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union


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