Tarayyar Turai - EU

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Tarayyar Turai (European Union)



Tutar Tarayyar Turai


Gabatarwa

Tarayya wata gamayya ce ko ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe ke haɗuwa su kafa da nufin cimma wata buƙata tasu. Wannan buƙata takan iya kasancewa ta hana yaƙi ne a tsakanin juna kamar yadda aka sani ko kuma bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa ta hanyar cinikayya.

Turai sashi ne da ake kira Europe a Turance, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin sassa bakwai na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasashen Turawa. Turai ta kasance cibiyar da ta samu gagarumar nasara ta fuskacin tattalin arziƙi da al’adu tun tale-tale, (Encarta, 2009, P.1).

Asali

Tarayyar Turai gammaya ce ta ƙasashen Turawa wacce ta haɗa ƙasashe 28 a inuwa ɗaya da nufin cimma manufar haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙin junansu da kuma siyasa. Luca (1995), ya faɗi cewa Tarayyar Turai ta yau ta samu ne sakamakon yunƙure-yunƙure da ƙasashen Turawa suka daɗe suna yi na samar da wata dama da za ta dunƙule su waje guda da nufin basu damar taimakon juna ta fuskar haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙin ƙasashensu da kuma siyasa, inda daga baya ta faɗaɗa har zuwa kan su binciken kimiyya da fasaha kamar irin su amfani da makamashin nukiliya d.s. Ya kafa hujja da cewa, 1948 shekara ce da ke da tasiri sosai ga Tarayyar Turai inda a cikinta aka gudanar da taron da ya haɗa mutane ɗari bakwai da hamsin (750) daga dukkanin ƙasashen Turawa a yunƙurin kafa ƙungiyar “Organisation for European Economic Co-operation”  (OEEC).

A wani bincike da aka rataya (Attached) a shafin Intanet na Jami'ar Athens University of Economics and Business (2016), ya ambata cewa ministan harkokin ƙasashen waje na ƙasar Faransa Robert Schuman ya gabatar da buƙatar haɗe kamfaninkan tama da ƙarafa (Coal and Steen Industries) na ƙasashen Turawa a cikin shekarar 1950 wanda ya haifar da yin taro a garin Paris inda waɗannan ƙasashen: Belgium, France, Italy, Luvembourg, the Netherlands da West Germany suka cimma yarjejeniyar  kafa kamfanin European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) a shekarar 1951.

Amma a shafinta na Intanet, European Union (2015), ta bayyana cewa an ƙirƙire ta ne bayan kammala yaƙin duniya na biyu ba da jimawa ba, da manufa ta samar da ƙawancen tattalin arziƙi wanda zai saka tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen ya zama duk sun dogara da juna, wanda hakan zai kai ga hana yaƙar juna a tsakaninsu. Wannan shi ya haifar da kafa European Economic Community (EEC) a shekarar 1958, da kuma ƙara danƙon dangantakar tattalin arziƙi tsakankanin ƙasashen: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luvembourg and the Netherlands.

Kafa wannan ƙungiya -European Economic Community (EEC), ya biyo bayan tattaunawa da waɗannan ƙasashe guda biyar: Belgium, France, Italy, Luvembourg, the Netherlands da West Germany suka yi a birnin Rome cikin shekarar 1957, inda suka rattaba hannu kan samar da ƙungiyar. Har wa yau dai sun sake rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar ta samar da European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) dan samar da makamashin nukuiliya. Dukkan waɗannan yarjeniyoyi sun tabbata a shekarar 1958 kamar yadda ya zo a (Wikipedia 2016, para.6).

An gudanar da wata yarjejeniya a tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe a shekarar 1965 wacce ta haifar da dunƙule waɗannan ƙungiyoyi guda uku ECSC, Euratom da EEC zuwa wata ƙunkiya ɗaya: European Community (EC) da ta kafu a shekarar 1967 (Wikipedia 2016, para.8).

Tun bayan haɗe waɗannan ƙungiyoyi zuwa abu ɗaya, aka samu ƙaruwar mambobi da ke ƙara shiga wannan yarjejeniya a yankin Turai. ƙasashen da suka fara shiga wannan haɗaka su ne: Denmark, Ireland da United Kingdom a cikin shekarar 1973 kamar yadda aka wallafa a shafin Intanet na Athens University of Economics and Business (2016).

Mambobi

Daga wancan lokaci zuwa yau (1958 zuwa 15/01/2016), wannan tarayya ta Turai tana da mambobi 28 da kowacce ɗaya ta ke kamar a matsayin jaha (member state) da suka haɗa da:

Ƙasa

Babban birni

Ƙasa 

Babban birni

Austria      

Vienna

Croatia

Zagreb

Belgium

Brussels

Cyprus

Nicosia      

Bulgaria

Sofia

Czech Republic

Prague

Denmark

Copenhagen

Estonia

Tallinn

Finland

Helsinki

Germany

Berlin         

France

Paris 

Greece

Athens

Hungary

Budapest

Ireland

Dublin

Italy

Rome

Latvia

Riga 

Lithuania

Vilnius

Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Malta

Valletta

Netherlands

Amsterdam

Poland

Warsaw

Portugal

Lisbon

Romania

Bucharest

Slovakia

Bratislava

Sloɓenia

Ljubljana

Spain

Madrid

Sweden

Stock holm

United Kingdom

London

Tsarin Gudanarwa

Wannan Tarayya ta Turai tana da rassan gudanarwa ko hukumomi guda bakwai da kowace ɗaya na da nata aikin. Hukumomin su ne:

  1. Majalisar ƙoli ta Tarayyar Turai (European Council).
  2. Hukumar Turai (European Commission).
  3. Majilisar Turai (European Parliament).
  4. Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (Council of the European Union).
  5. Babban Bankin Turai (European Central Bank).
  6. Babbar Kotun Tarayyar Turai (Court of Justice of the European Union).
  7. Kotun Masu Binciken Turai (European Court of Auditors).

Majalisar Ƙoli ta Tarayyar Turai (European Council)

Wannan babbar majalisa ta Turai ita ce ƙarshen magana a cikin waɗancan hukumomi guda bakwai; ita ce ke da alhakin ɗaukar mataki na ƙarshe a kan duk wata yarjejeniya da waɗannan ƙasashe suka ƙulla, ita ce ke da alhakin fassara duk wani ƙuduri da kuma matakan da Tarrayar Turai za ta iya bi dan cimma wasu manufofi, ƙudurori ko kuma buƙatunta.

Wannan Majalisa tana da shugaba mai muƙamin (President). Sannan kuma har wa yau shugaban Hukumar Turai (European Commission) shi ma yana cikinta. Haka nan ma dukkan shuwagabannin ƙasashen da ke cikin tarayyar ta Turai suma suna cikin wannan Babbar Majalisa. Wannan hukuma takan zauna zamanta na majalisa sau huɗu a shekara.

Hukumar Turai (European Commission)

Hukumar Turai ita kuma hukuma ce da take kamar matsayin majalisar dokoki. Tana da wakilai daga kowace jaha (ƙasar da ke cikin tarayyar). Babbar Majalisar Turai (European Council) ita ke da alhakin naɗa mambobin wannan hukuma tare da sahalewar Majalisar Turai (European Parliament). Wannan hukuma ita ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar ko tsara dokokin gudanarwa na yau-da-kullum.

Majalisar Turai (European Parliament)

Majalisa Turai ɗaya ce daga cikin ɓangarorin gudanarwa (legislative) na Tarayyar Turai. ‘Yanƙasa ke zaɓar mambobin wannan kai tsaye. Tana da mambobi 751 da aka kira ((Members of the European Parliament (MEPs)). Waɗannan mambobi suna wakiltar mazaɓu ne kuma ana zaɓar su ne ta hanyar jama’iyyu kwatankwacin yadda ake zaɓar ‘Yanmajalisar Sanatoci a Najeriya.

Ana gudanar da zaɓen mambobin wannan majalisa bayan shekaru biyar. Wannan majalisa ita ke zaɓarwa kanta-da-kanta shugabanci duk bayan shekaru biyu da rabi. Wato kenan a cikin kowace jamhuriyya ana canza shugabanni sau biyu.

Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (Council of the European Union)

Majalisa ce ta ministoci, ita ce ɗayar cikamakon ɓangaren gudanarwa (legislatiɓe) na Tarayyar Turai. Ministocin gwamnatocin ɗai-ɗaikun ƙasashen da ke cikin Tarayyar Turai su ne mambobinta, sukan haɗu su tattauna a duk lokaci da kuma muhallin da buƙatar hakan ta taso. Wannan majalisa tana da ruwa-da-tsaki a cikin harkar mulki bayan aikinta na gudanarwa.

Tattalin Arziƙi

Tarayyar Turai na da dunƙulalliyar hanyar kasuwanci a tsakankanin mambotinta wacce ke samar mata da maƙudan kuɗaɗen shiga. Wannan tarayya ta Turai tana da wakilici a cbiyar cinikayya ta duniya (World Trade Organization). Goma sha tara daga cikin mambobinta suna yarda da tsarin kashe kuɗi guda ɗaya wato Yuro; wato kenan duk ƙasar da aka shiga daga cikin waɗancan ƙasashe guda 19 za a kashe Yuro kai tsai ba tare da an sauya shi zuwa kuɗin ƙasar ba.

Manazarta:


European Union (2015). The EU in brief. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/about/index_en.htm

Guzzetti L. (1995). A Brief History of European Union Research Policy. Published by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General XII Science, Research, Development B-1049 Brussels

Kourtikakis K. (2012). Brief History & Institutions of the European Union. Department of Political Science University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Wikipedia (2016). European Union. An ciro a shekarar 2016, daga shafin: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union


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