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Shafin Farko

Nijeriya

Gabatarwa

Najeriya, suna ne na wata babbar ƙasa, daga cikin manyan ƙasashen da ke cikin Nahiyar Afirka, a yankin Afirka ta Yamma. Wannan ƙasa ta kafu daga gamayyar wasu manyan dauloli, masarautu, da kuma garuruwa masu daɗaɗɗen tarihi da kuma masu tarihi na kusa-kusa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da mutane masu mabambantan harsuna, al’adu, addinai, yanayin muhalli da sauransu.

Masana tarihi, irinsu Farfesa Boahen, 1966; Farfesa Okene da Dakta Suberu, 2013; Dakta Iyang da Dakta Bassey, 2014; Egbefo, 2014; National Teachers Institute Kaduna, 2000; sun kawo jerin waɗannan dauloli a matsayin daulolin da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka ci da yaƙi, daga baya kuma suka haɗe su waje guda dan samun sauƙin gudanar da mulkinsu. Daga ciki akwai, makekiyar Daular Usmaniya wacce ke jagorantar manya-manyan masarautu masu tsohon tarihi irin su Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Daura, Gobir, Dutse, da sauransu; Daular Binin; tsohuwar rusasshiyar Daular Oyo; tsohuwar rusasshiyar Daular Kwararrafa; Tsohuwar Daular Barno wacce ya zuwa lokacin da Turawan suka zo ta ƙanƙance ta zama masarauta saboda matsalar zaizayewa da ta fuskanta daga Daular Usmaniya; sai kuma yankin surƙuƙin dajin da su a wancan lokacin basu da cibiya guda ɗaya ta gudanar da mulki wanda wannan yanki ya haɗa da yankin Inyamurai wanda ya ke da ƙaramar masarauta guda ɗaya rak, masarautar Anaca (Onitsha), da kuma yankin Okene, wacce ƙasa ce ta Ibira wanɗanda su a lokacin da Turawa suka je musu, basu da wata cibiyar gudanar da mulki guda ɗaya rak, a barbaje suke kamar dai maƙwabtan nasu Inyamurai.

Turawan Birtaniya, su suka kafa wannan ƙasa wanda suka fara da kame yankin Legas a cikin shekarar 1861 har zuwa 1903, shekarar da suka kama Daular Usmaniya.

Wata Baturiyar Ingila, kuma ma’akaciyar jaridar British Times (Jaridar Ingila), wacce daga baya kuma ta zama matar gwamna Lugga, mai suna Flora Show, ita ta raɗa wannan suna ga wannan ƙasa a lokacin da shi gwamna Lugga (Lugard) ya ke yunƙurin haɗe Yankunan Kudu (Colony and Southern Protectorate of Lagos) da kuma Yankin Arewa (Northern Protectorate) a cikin shekarar 1914.

Waɗannan Turawa, sun mulki wannan ƙasa tun daga farkon lokacin shigowarsu da nufin mulkin mallaka; wato lokacin da Jami’in Birtaniya (consul) na farko, John Beecroft ya bayyana a yankin Bonny da Delta (1849), har zuwa shekarar 1960 lokacin da suka ‘yanta ta, suka kuma damƙa ragar gudanarwarta a hannun ‘yan ƙasa. Kenan, Turawa sun mulki waɗannan yankuna tsawon shekaru 111. Daga farkon lokacin da Flora Show ta raɗawa wannan ƙasa suna zuwa yau (2017), wannan ƙasa tana da shekaru 103 a duniya. Kenan, daga lokacin da shi John Beecroft ya zo da farko a matsayin Jami’in Birtaniya na farko (1849) zuwa yau (2017), an samu shekaru 168.

Kafin zuwan Turawa

Tun kafin zuwan Turawa wannan yakin, akwai wasu manyan daulolo, masarautu, garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke wanzuwa waɗanda daga baya aka haɗe su aka samar da wannan ƙasa Najeriya. Akwai shugabanci da ke wanzuwa a wasu daga cikin yankuna, dauloli, masarautu, garuruwa ko ƙauyukan wannan yanki na duniya, wanda kuma salon gudanar da shi ke bambanta daga wani yanki zuwa wani. Wasu yankunan kuma haka suke zaune ba tare da cikakken shugabanci guda ɗaya ba.

Akwai manya-manyan dauloli guda huɗu a wannan yanki da suka haɗa da Daular Usmaniya, wacce salon mulkinta shi ne na sarauta abin da ya samo asali tun daga tsarin gudanar da mulkin ƙasar Hausa har zuwa lokacin da ya sauya sakamakon Jihadin Shehu Ɗanfodiye; sai kuma Daular Barno; Daular Ibadan, wacce cibiyar mulkinta ke Ile-Ife; sai kuma Daular Binin. Bayan nan kuma akwai masarautun da suke cin gashin kansu ba tare da suna zaune ƙarƙashin kowace daula ba, fitattu daga cikin irin waɗannan masarautu su ne masarautar Wukari, masarautar Legas, masarautar Opoja, da kuma masarautar Onitsha. Sannan kuma akwai Yarurrukan da suma suke da nasu salon gudanar da mulki, amma kuma yanayinsu bai yi kama da masarauta ba ballantana ya kai daula. Fitattu daga cikin irin waɗannan yarurruka akwai Ibira.

Saboda haka a wannan ɓangare na wannan rubutu, za mu kalli tsarin yadda kowane yanki yake gudanar da nasa salon sarautar kafin zuwan Turawa.

Sarautar Inyamuri

Masana irin su Ibenekwu (2017) da kuma Osabiya (2017), sun siffanta salon mulkin Inyamurai kafin zuwan Turawa da salon mulkin tarayya da kuma dimokuraɗiyya wanda yake cike da daidaito; daidaito da ma’ana ta rarraba damar shugabanci ga duk wanda ya cancanta ba tare da la’akari da fifikon damar da wani yake da ita a kan wani ba.

Kafin zuwan Turawa yankin Inyamurai basu da wata tabbataciyyar hanyar gudanar da mulki ko kuma wata dawamammiyar doka ta dindin. Haka nan kuma babu wata masarauta mai tushen sarautar da ake gado ƙwaya ɗaya rak!

Matakin shugabancin Inyamuri yana farawa ne daga ƙaramin mataki zuwa babba ba tare da samun shugaba guda ɗaya rak ba a sama. Tushen shugabancin yakan fara ne daga haula; tattaruwar ɗaiɗaikun gidaje da ke da dangantaka ta jini a tsakaninsu, wacce ka iya zama a nesa ko a kusa. Sannan kuma babbar kujerar shugabancin Inyamurai ita ce gari; wanda yake samuwa daga haɗuwar unguwanni da kuma ƙauyuka.

Dukkan wani hukunci da za a ɗauka wanda ya shafi al’ummar Inyamurai, to akwai Oha-na-eze wacce ke da ma’ana ta majalisar dattawa da ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da jagorancin al’ummar da abin ya shafa ta ke wuyanta. Wannan majalisa ta dattawa ba majalisa ce ta dindindin ba, ta kan zauna ne a duk lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso. Sannan kuma, wakilcin ɗaiɗaikun garuruwa ne ya ke samar da ita. Haka nan shugabancin zaman yakan iya faɗawa a kan kowa ta hanyar la’akari da shekaru. Wato kenan idan tsoho mafi shekaru a cikin wakilai ya shugabanci zama, to sai kuma yam utu kafin wani zaman, to za a sake duba wanda ya fi shekaru ya jagoranci zaman.

Kafin kaiwa ga waccar majalisa ta dattawa, akwai matakan shugabanci a ƙasar Inyamurai guda huɗu kamar haka:

  1. Iyali, makatin farko na shugabancin Inyamurai shi ne matakin Iyali, wanda namiji babba yakan zama jagora a gida. Wato mai gida. Dukkan ragamar jagorancin gida da suka haɗa da kare mutunci, rarraba ayyuka, sasanto tsakanin masu rigima da sauransu, ya ɗoru a wuyan mai gida.
  2. Haula, gidaje ne masu yawa amma kuma dukka suna da dangataka ta jini. Uba ko Okpara; wato kaka, mafi yawan shekaru na ɗaya daga cikin gidajen da cikin wannan haular shi ya ke zama jagora.
  3. Ƙauye, gari ne ƙarami, wanda hauloli da yawa suke samarwa, a mafiya yawan lokuta akan taras da cewa kusan dukkan irin waɗannan ƙauyuka ana samu sun haɗu da junansu ta fannin dangataka a nesa ko a kusa. Namiji mafi yawan shekaru a haular da ta fi kowace haula daɗewa a wannan ƙauye shi yakan zama shugaba.
  4. Gari, shi kuma ƙauyuka ne suke bunƙasa su zama gari, wanda kuma shi ne mataki mafi girma na sarauta a ƙasar Inyamurai kafin zuwan Turawa.
  5. Majalisar Dattawa,  

Duk da wannan salon shugabanci na Inyamuri wanda ba a gadonsa, suna kuma da muƙamai na girmamawa a siyasance, waɗanda ake baiwa mutane. Ƙari akan haka kuma, akwai wasu yankuna da kuma manyan biranen kasuwancin Inyamurai da ke kewayen Kogin Neja, kamar irin su Anaca, Awka, Oguta da kuma tsohuwar masarautar Nri, waɗanda tun kafi zuwa Turawa sun fara gudanar da salon mulki irin na sarautar da ake gada.

Saboda haka, akwai muƙamai irin su Eze, Igwe, Obi da sauransu a ƙasar Inyamurai, waɗanda wasu na sarauta ne, wasu kuma na girmamawa. Muƙami mafi daraja a matakin sarautar Inyamurai, ba gadonsa ake yi ba. Duk wanda ya cancanta yakan ɗare wannan kujera ta hanyar zaɗe ba tare da la’akari da shekaru, kuɗi ko kuma dangin da ya fito ba.

Mulki

Ƙasar Inyamurai tana da tsarin gudanar da mulki kamar haka:

  1. Mulkin Ƙauye. Shi dai ƙauye, ɗaiɗaikun haloli ne suke samar da shi. Kowace haula guda ɗaya da ke ƙauye tana da shugaba guda ɗaya da ake kira Ofo, tattaruwar waɗannan Ofo-Ofo na ƙauye guda su ke samar da majalisar dattawa wacce ita kuma ita take da alhakin gudanar da mulkin ƙauyen.
  2. Sa’ance. Sa’ance a nan na nufin abokan haihuwa. Sa’anace abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmancin a tsarin gudanar da mulki a ƙasar Inyamurai. Ayyuka da suka haɗa da samar da tsaro; gyaran gari da ya shafi sharer hanya, gina hanya, sharer kasuwa, sare itatuwan kan hanya, da sauransu; aiwatar da doka-da-oda da majalisar dattawa suka samar; tabbatar bin doka-da-oda; gudanar da bukukuwan al’ada; da sauran abubuwa masu tarin yawa.

Saboda haka a dunƙule, kusan dukkan wani abu da za a yi a al’ummar Inyamurai, akwai sa’annin juna da ya kamata a ɗorawa wannan nauyi. Ita kanta majalisar dattawa shekaru ne kai mutum. Haka nan akan samu mutane masu wasu adadin shekaru ya zama su ke gadin gari, haka shara, gudanar da bukukuwan al’ada da sauransu. Sukan yi amfani da tazarar shekaru biyu tsakanin wannan sa’ance da wanca. Kenan, duk wanda aka haifa a tsakanin shekaru biyu sun zama sa’annin juna. Amma idan mutum ya grime da shekaru biyu, to ya zama na gaba da kai.

Bayan haka kuma, akwai muƙamai irin su Ozo, Ama da Ekpe da ake baiwa duk wani mutum wanda yake bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kawo cigaba a ƙasar Inyamurai. Haƙiƙa, duk wanda aka baiwa wannan muƙami ya zama abin girmamawa a cikin al’ummar Inyamurai, a wasu lokutan idan shekarunsu sun kai akan basu dama ta jagorantar zaman majalisar dattawa.

Shari’a

A al’adar Inyamurai, kowane yanki na al’umma, yana da iya shari’ar da zai iya aiwatarwa. A matakin farko, mai gida shi ke da alhakin ɗaukar dukkan matakin da ya dace idan aka samu saɓani a gida. Wanda ka iya zama sasanto ko kuma aiwatar da hukunci.

Sa’ance, dukkan wasu jama’a masu shekaru kusan ɗaya, suna da cikakkiyar damar hukunta ƙananan laifuffukan da suke aiwatar a tsakaninsu.

Laifuffuka da suka ƙetare iyakokin gidaje, haula, da kuma sa’ance, to sai a gurfanar da su a gaban majalisar dattawa dan ɗaukar matakin da ya dace.

Manya-manyan laifuffuka kamar irin su kisan kai, laifin zina, da sauran makamantansau, su kuma suna danganta abin ne da allolinsu. Akwai Ala, a matsayin babban sarkin da Inyamurai suka yi Imani da shi. Ana kuma kaiwa gare shi ne ta hanyar wasu.

Bayan dukkan waɗannan, shekaru, suna da matuƙar tasiri a cikin al’ummar Inyamurai. Suna matuƙar girmama nag aba da su. Wanda kuma wannan abu shima tun daga gida yake farawa. Haihuwar farko a gida, shi ne wanda kowa dole ya girmama shi a gida. Ɗan farko namiji suna kiransa da Opara, mace kuma Ada.

Sarautar Yarabawa

Yarabawa suna daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Najeriya guda uku. Su ne kaɗai, ƙabilar da duk gurin da suke a duniya suke ikirarin tushe ɗaya rak, cewa su jikokin Oduduwa ne sannan kuma daga garin Ile-Ife wacce a yanzu ta ke cikin Jahar Osun a Yankin Kudu Maso-Yamma a Najeriya.

Yarabawa sun taɓa yin wata babbar daular mai cibiya a Oyo; wato daular Oyo, kafin zuwan Turawa. Wannan daula ta Oyo, mulkinta ya malala har zuwa Kogin Kwara da ke Arewacin Najeriya a yau. Ta yamma kuma ya malama har zuwa Dahome wacce yanzu ake kira Kwatano da ke cikin Jamhuriyar Benin. Daga gefen Kudu kuma, Tekun Atilantika ne ya tankare ta.

Marubuta irin su Babalola (2017), Onadeko (2008), Utuk (1975) da kuma Osabiya (2017), sun bayyana cewa akwai tsarin tafiyar da shugabanci da kuma gudanar da shari’a a ƙasar Yarabawa. Wannan tsarin sarauta ta Yarabawa kafin zuwan Turawa daidaitaccen tsari ne mai tsayayyen shugabanci guda uku daga sama; Ooni Ife, wanda shi ne shugaban addinin gargajiya, kuma duk gurin da Bayerabe ya ke a duniya ya yarda da wannan; Alaafin, wanda shi kuma shi ne sarkin Oyo, wanda ke riƙe da jagorancin mulki na Daular Oyo; Oba, shi ne babban sarki na masarautun da ke ƙarƙashin waccar babbar daula ta Oyo.

Daga nan kuma sai waɗannan manyan muƙamai na ƙololi na sarautar Yarabawa suka yi rassa wanda kowane ɗaya yake da gudunmawa da yake bayarwa wajen gudanar da shari’a, tsaro, tabbatar da zaman lafiyar al’umma, bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi, fita yaƙi dan faɗaɗa ƙasa da sauransu.

Tsarin Shugabanci

Akan samu bambance-bambancen muƙamai daga wani yanki na Yarabawa zuwa wani. Amma shugabancin Yarabawa yana da waɗannan matakai a dunƙule kamar haka:

  1. Ooni Ife: Shi ne babban sakin gargajiya a dukkan faɗin ƙasar Yarabawa. Mulkinsa ya mamaye dukkanin iya faɗin ƙasar Yarabawa. Fadarsa da ke garin Ile-Ife, ita ce mafi ƙololin daraja a ƙasar Yarabawa. Ooni Ife, shi ne ka alhakin rantsar da shugaban gwamnatin daular Oyo; wato Alafin bayan ‘yan majalisa masu zaɓen sarki Oye Mesi sun zaɓe shi.

    2. Ogbonni: Majalisar ƙoli ta Ile-Ife, babbar majalisa ce da ke ƙunshe da dattawan da ake yiwa ganin masana addini. Suke da alhakin amincewa da duk wani mataki da Oye Mesi suka ɗauka na cire ko naɗa sabon shugaban gwamnati, wato Alafin wanda yake kamar sarkin Oyo.

  2. Alafin: Shi ne shugaban gwamnatin daularn Oyo. Alhakin kula da sauran larduna da gudunmomin dukkan daular Oyo yana ƙarƙashinsa. Yana da wasu jama’a da ke taimaka masa wajen gudanar da wannan sarauta tasa. Daga ciki akwai:

    3. Aremo: Mataimakin shugaban gwamnati. Shi ne babban ɗan sarki wanda ke a matsayin mataimakinsa. Amma a bisa doka ba zai gaji sarki ba. Da zarar sarki ya bar kujera to shi ma ya bari.

    Oyo Mesi: Majalisar ƙoli ta daular Oyo. Majalisa ce da ke da ke ƙarƙashin shugabancin Bashorun. Ayyukanta su ne, zaɓen sabon shugaban gwamnati, kula da gudanarwar ayyukansa, cire shi daga kan kujera idan ya kauce, kula da kuma gudanar da shari’a, da kuma naɗa sarkin yaƙi. ‘Yan wannan majalisa su ne wakilan jama’a na kai tsaye.

    Kakanfo: Sarkin Yaƙi, shima yana ƙarƙashin Alafin. Nauyin shirya rundunar da za ta fita yaƙi domin kare gari daga harin mayaƙa ko kuma tafiya yaƙi domin faɗaɗa masarauta, da kuma kare gari duk yana wuyansa da shi da tawagarsa.

    Gadon Kujerar Alafin: Wannan muƙami na Alafin gandonsa ake yi, gidajen sarauta da ke da nasabar jini da asalin wanda ya kafa wannan daula ta Oyo; Oranmiyan, su ke da alhakin gadon wannan kujera ta Alafin. Babban ɗan Alafin, wato Aremo, shi bas hi daga cikin waɗanda za a zaɓa dan maye kujerar sabon sarki. A taƙaice ma dai, duk abin da ya faru da sarki shi yake faruwa da shi wato mutuwa, akan bashi guba ya ci ya mutu.

    Eso: Rundunar mayaƙa; runduna ce da ta ƙunshi sojoji saba’in. Daga cikinsu ake zaɓar Sarkin Yaƙi wato Kakanfo ko kuma Aren-Ona-Kakanfo. Mafi ƙwazo daga cikin irin waɗannan sarakunan yaƙi su ke zama shugabanin Lardi ko kuma wata masarautar da aka ci da yaƙi. 

  3. Oba: Sarkin yanka kenan. Wannan su ne sarakuna da ke shugabantar masarautun  da ke cikin daular Oyo. Shima a ƙarƙashinsa akwai:

    4. Ilari: shi ne babban mashawarcin sarki.

    Baale: Dagaci, shi ne shugaban kowane ƙauye ɗaya da ke ƙarƙashin wannan masarauta.

  4. Mai Gida: Shi ne shugaban kowane gida da ke cikin unguwanni da ƙauyukan ƙasar Yarabawa baki ɗaya. Shi ne matakin farko sannan kuma na ƙasa a tsarin shugabancin Yarabawa.

Shari’a

Matakin farko na gudanar da shari’a a ƙasar Yarabawa shi ne gida. Ƙanana laifuffukan da suka shafi samun saɓani tsakanin mutane biyu, zage-zage, rigimar bashi da makamantansu, duka akan warware su a gida. Idan kuma wani daga ciki bai gamsu da matakin daka ɗauka ba sai ya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa mataki na gaba kama-kama har zuwa kan babbar kotu wato kotun Ooni da ke Ile-Ife.

Manya laifuffuka da suka shafi kisan kai, rikin ƙasa, fashi da makami, sata, tsafi, da makamantansu, kai tsaye ana gudanar da shari’asu ne a fadar Oba. Idan hukuncin da aka yanke bai yi wa wani daidai ba, sai ya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa fadar Alafin daga nan kuma sai fadar Ooni.

Idan dukkan hukuncin da aka yanke a fadar Ooni ma bai yiwa wai daidai ba, to sai a yi rantsuwa da gunki. Yarabawa sun yi Imani cewa, duk wanda ya rantse ba bisa gaskiya ba, to zai lalace. Suna da gumaka manya-manya da suka yi Imani da su da suka haɗa da, Ifa, Ogun, Egungun da kuma Esu.

Zuwan Turawa

Tun cikin ƙarni na goma sha shida (1500), aka samu labarin ɓullar Turawan Portugal, a wasu daga cikin daulolin da a yanzu aka markaɗe su suka zama Najeriya. Cibiyar adana kayan tarihi ta Birtaniya (British Meseum, 2010), ta wallafa cewa, an samu tabbacin zuwan Turawan Portugal yankin Binin, a zamanin sarki Ozolua domin gudanar da cinikayyar barkono, da kuma hauren giwa. Shi kuma Okosun (2004), a tasa ruwayar ya ƙara da cinikin bayi da kuma tufafi.

Amma Audu da Uzoma (2015), sun ce tun cikin ƙarni na tara, zuwa ƙarni na goma sha biyar, Turawan yamma suka fara cuɗanya da Afirka ta yamma, biyowa bayan samun nasarar gano yankin ta cikin teku da Turawan Portugal suka yi. Yaɗuwar labarai cewa an samu wata sabuwar damar kasuwanci, shi ne abin da ya saka sauran Turawa da suka haɗa da Birtaniyawa, Faransawa da kuma Jamusawa suka bazamo zuwa yankunan na Afirka ta yamma.

Shigowarsu ta farko, sun kakkama mutane a matsayin bayi (slaɓe trade), suka tsallaka ruwa da su, suka kai su gonakinsu don yi musu aiki. Daga baya kuma bayan samun sauyin Fasaha da ta tashi daga Aikin gona zuwa ta Masana’antu, sai suka sauya akala daga kamen bayi zuwa ga halastaccen ciniki (imperialism), suka koma sayen ma’adanai da kuma kawo sarrafaffun kayayyaki don sayarwa. Daga ƙarshe kuma, suka juya mulkin mallaka (colonialism).

Kutsen Turawa

Abin da ake nufi da kutse a nan shi ne, shigowar Turawa a karo na biyu da nufin kafa sansanin mulkin mallaka. Turawan Ingila, su ne suka kakkame waɗannan manyan dauloli da a yau suka haɗu suka samar da wannan babbar ƙasa mai suna Najeriya.

Sun bi hanyoyi manya-manya guda biyu wajen ganin sun mallake waɗannan dauloli; akwai hanyar yarjejeniyar sulhu da kuma ƙarfin soji, kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayoyin Iyang da Bassey, (2014); Osuala da Muoh, (2015). Yarjejeniyar na iya zama kai tsaye daga jami’an gwamnatin Birtaniya kamar yadda ta auku a Legas, ko kuma a fakaice ta hannun kamfanoni irinsu Royal Niger Company da suke mallakar ‘yankasuwar Birtaniya ne; kamar yadda ta faru a ƙasar Nupe, da kuma amfani da ƙarfin soja a wajen da yarjejeniyar ta kasa yin aiki kamar yadda ya auku a Edo da kuma wasu garuruwan Daular Usmaniya da sauransu.

Iyang da Bassey (2014), sun ruwaito cewa, Birtaniya ta naɗa John Beecroft a matsayin jami’inta (consul) na farko a tsakankanin yankunan Biyafara da kuma Edo. Naɗin nasa ya biyo bayan buƙatar da Birtaniyawa ‘yankasuwa masu gudanar da cinikayya a waɗannan yankuna suka Turawa Sarauniyar Ingila ta cewa, suna da buƙatar a turo musu wani wakili da zai riƙa shiga tsakaninsu da kuma mutanen yankunan ta fuskar cinikayya. Saboda haka saranauyiar ta amsa musu buƙatar tasu ta hanyar turo musu shi John Beecroft a cikin shekarar 1849, a matsayin jami’inta (consul). Saboda haka ya zama mai shiga tsakani don daidaita hulɗar cinikayya tsakanin jama’ar da ke yankunan tsohuwar daular Kalba (Calabar), Bonny, Bimbiya,  Kamaru (Cameroon) da kuma wasu yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sarkin Dahomey.

Tushen Kafa Mulkin Turawa

Zuwan John Beecroft a cikin shekarar 1849, a matsayin jami’in (consula) Birtaniya na farko, zuwa cikin Daular Benin daga gefen Kalba wacce a yanzu ta ke cikin jahar Cross Riɓers da kuma yankin Bonny, wacce ita kuma ta ke cikin jahar Riɓers, shi ne tubulin kafa mulkin-mallakar Turawan Ingila a wannan yanki. Wannan kuma ya biyo bayan buƙatar da Turawan Birtaniyan ‘yankasuwa suka tura zuwa ga sarauniyar Ingila da ta samar musu da wani wanda zai zama waikilin Daular ta Birtaniya domin ya riƙa saka ido a harkokinsu tare kuma da shiga tsakaninsu da ‘yankasuwa ‘yanƙasa. Kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Iyang da Bassey (2014).

Kafa Yankin Legas (Colony of Lagos)

Tun farkon zuwan John Beecroft yankunan Biyafara da Benin a cikin shekarar 1849, ya fara tsoma baki a cikin harkokin gudanar da Legas, kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Iyang da Bassey (2014). A lokacin, akwai rigimar shugabanci tsakanin sarki mai ci, Kosoko, da kuma mai son ɗare karagar mulki, Akintoye. Saboda haka sai ya tsige Kosoko mai ra’ayin a cigaba da cinikin bayi, ya kuma ɗora hamɓararren sarki mai ra’ayin dakatar da cinikin bayi Akintoye. An yi wannan naɗi ne a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1851 Preye (2006). Wannan ita ce yarjejeniyar farko da ta kai ga danƙara mulkin Birtaniya a kan jama’a. Iyang da Bassey (2014).

Bayan mutuwar Akintoye a cikin shekarar 1853, sai jami’in Birtaniya Mista Campbell ya maye gurbin Akintoye da ɗansa Dosumu. Haka nan bayan mutuwar Campbell a shekarar 1860, sabon jami’in Birtaniya ya bada shawarar mayar da Legas kacokaf, ƙarƙashin mulkin Ingila saboda barazanar da yake ganin ka iya faruwa ta samun yarjejeniyar cinikayya tsakanin sarki Dosumu da kuma Turawan Faransa. Saboda haka a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, 1861, Dosumu ya rattaba hannu a yarjejeniyar miƙa ragamar shugabancin Legas, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ingila ta hannun sabon jami’in Ingilan Consul Mckoskry. Tun daga wannan lokacin aka canja matsayin jami’in Ingila daga Consul zuwa gwamna, Preye (2006).

Amma a ruwayar masani a fannin adabin Turanci (English Literature), kuma sheshin malami (Lecturer) a Jami’ar Ibadan, Farfesa Echeruo (1977), ya ruwaito cewa, Turawan sun zo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, na shekarar 1861, suka samu sarkin garin mai suna Dosumu, suka karɓe mulki a hannunsa bisa yarjejeniya, suka mayar da garin ya koma ƙarƙashin kulawar sarauniyar Ingila, bisa wakilcin Lt. J.H. Gloɓer. Bayan shekaru uku da wannan ƙwace ta cikin ruwan sanyi, sai shi sarki Dosumu ya tayar da ƙayar baya cewa shi sam, bai san labari ba. Ganin haka sai sojojin Birtaniya suka yi sukuwar doki a kansa da jama’arsa, suka ƙwace masarautar tasa, suka maida ta ƙarƙashin ikonsu, a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1863. Saboda haka Legas ta zamo gari na farko wanda ya fara faɗawa ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Turawan Ingila kai tsaye. Saboda haka, yanzu Legas ta zama koloni (colony) ɗin Ingila kenan.

Bayan cin Legas, haka Turawan suka cigaba da mamayar sauran garuruwa da biranen Yarabawa da ke wannan yankin. Babbar damar da suke amfani da ita wajen mamayar, ita ce tsagewar bango da ake samu tsakanin Yarawaba. Misali, a shekarar 1886, Birtaniya ta yi amfani da daɗaɗɗiyar adawar da ke tsakanin garuruwan daular Ibadan kamar irin su Ekiti, Ijesa, Egba, Ijebu da kuma Ife. A lokacin waɗannan garuruwa sun kasance suna yaƙar junansu. Saboda haka sai ita Birtaniya ta je a matsayin mai shiga tsakani, ta basu yarjejeniyar cewa duk wani rikici da zai taso nan gaba, za a kai abun gaban gwamnan riƙon ƙwarya da ke Legas. Sannan kuma za su bayar da gudunmawa wajen dakatar da cinikin bayi, su kuma sarakunan suka rattaba hannu.

Bayan samun ‘yar tangarɗa tsakanin Turawan da sarkin Ijebu kan cinikin bayi, sai suka yi amfani da waccar hujja da cewa ya saɓa suka fatattake shi da ƙarfin soja a cikin shekarar 1891. Sannan kuma suka yiwa sauran sarakunan Yarabawa barazana da ɗaukar mataki irin na Ijebu a kan duk wanda ya saɓa daga cikinsu. Saboda haka Turawan suka sake rubuta wata sabuwar yarjejeniyar, ta bayar da tsaro ga yankunan, su kuma sarakuna suka sake rattaba hannu. Abin da ya kawo komawar dukkan masarautun Yarabawan komawa ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnan Legas, kamar yadda Iyang da bassey (2014), suka ruwaito.

Kafa Yankin Kudu (Southern Protectorate)

Tun zuwan Jami’in Birtaniya yankunan Bonny da Kalba, da kuma kafa kotunan Bonny a 1851 da ta Kalba a 1853, mulkin gargajiya na sarakunan wannan yanki ya fara fuskantar barazana. A cikin shekarar 1853, Jami’in Birtaniya, John Beecroft, ya tunɓuke sarkin Bonny daga karagar mulki. Cirewar tasa ta biyon bayan bore da shi sarki Pepple; sarkin Bonny ya yi, saboda rashin biyansa diyya da Turawan suka yi kamar yadda suka alƙawarta a yarjejeniyarsu ta shekarar 1848. Sannan kuma ya nemi a warware yarjejeniyar tare kuma da cewa yanayi ya koma kamar yadda yake tun kafin su rattaba hannu a yarjejeniyar 1843, kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Iyang da Bassey (2014). Bayan ya hamɓare Pepple, sai kuma ya naɗa Dappo ƙarƙashin waccar kotu ta Bonny. Sannan aka sake rubuta sabuwar yarjejeniyar da ta haramtawa sarkin yin kasuwanci, rashin halartar taron tattaunawa ba tare da sahalewar Turawa ba, rashin ‘yancin fita yaƙi ba tare da sahalewar Turawa ba, da sauransu. Wanda shi kuma naɗaɗɗen sarkin ya rattaba hannu. Wannan shi ne masomin ƙwace Daular Benin, sannan kuma abin da ya kafa tushen kafuwar Yankin Kudu (Nothern Protectorate).

Bayan durƙusar da mulkin Pepple da Turawa suka yi, sai kuma rikicin cikin gida da ya ke faruwa a yankin ya haifar da kafuwar wata daular ta Opobo wacce jarimi Jaja ya shugabanta. Wannan daula ta kafu a 1869, sannan kuma ta zamo daula mafi ƙarfi a yankin, wacce kasuwannin yankin suka koma ƙarƙashin mulkin sarkinta Jaja. Saboda haka ‘yankasuwar Birtaniya suka karɓe shi a haka duk da cewa basa so.

Ya zuwa shekarar 1885, sabon Jami’in Birtaniya (consul) a yankin, Hewett, ya mallake sarakunan yankin ta hanyar ƙulla yarjejeniyar bada kariyar tsaro da su. Saboda haka a cikin shekarar 1885, Jami’in Birtaniya (consul) Hewett, ya ayyana kafa Yankin Kudu (Southern Protectorate) mai Helikwata a Kalba. Kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayoyin Iyang da Bassey (2014), da kuma Edo (2009). Sai dai, shi Edo ya ce a shekarar 1884 aka yi shelar kafa Yankin na Kudu.

Mataki na ƙarshe game da murƙushe wannan daula ta Benin, shi ne, a cikin shekarar 1897 Turawa suka ci garin Benin da yaƙi, wacce ita ce helikwatar Daular ta Benin, wanda kuma a wannan lokacin, Oba Eɓonramwen ne sarkinta, wanda ya yi zamani daga 1888 zuwa 1897A.D.,  Kamar yadda Edo, 2009; Okosun, 2004; The British Museum, 2010; da kuma The Art Institute of Chicago, 2008 suka ruwaito.

A cikin shekarar 1888, Birtaniya ta tura wakilinta Majo Claude Macdonald, ya je wannan Yanki na Delta domin ɗauko mata rahoton abubuwan da ke gudana da kuma matakan da suka kamata a ɗauka nan gaba. Bayan kammala bincikensa ya bayar da shawarar faɗaɗa madafun ikonta daga Jami’i ɗaya (consul) da kuma mataimakainsa (assistant), zuwa mai ofisoshi da dama.
Saboda wannan dalili, sai Birtaniya ta faɗaɗa ofishinta, ta kafa muƙamin kwamishina sannan kuma babban jami’i (commissioner and consul general), muƙamin da aka yiwa shi Claude Macdonald. Sannan shi kuma ya naɗa mataimaka da dama (ɓice consuls). Wannan shi ne abin da ya ƙara ƙarfafa ikon Birtaniya a wannan yankin. A lokacin an buɗe rassan wannan cibiya ta Yankin Kudu a garuruwa uku; Warri, Sapele da kuma Benin. Kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Iyang da Bassey (2014), sannan kuma ya dace da Edo (2009) da ya kawo cewa, Benin ta zama lardi (proɓince) a cikin Yankin Kudu (protectorate).

Kafa Yankin Arewa (Northern Protectorate)

A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1900, Sir Fredrick Lugard ya ayyana garin Lokoja a matsayin helikwatar Yankin Arewa (Northern Protectorate), abin da ya kafa ɗan-ba, na mamayar Daular Usmaniya, saboda zamowar garin na Lokoja a gefen mahaɗar kogunan Naija da Binuwai, sannan kuma garin da tun cikin shekarar 1832 Turawan Ingila suka fara kafa sansaninsu, har ta kai ga sun samar da dukkan gine-gine da kayayyakin aikin da suke buƙata na Kamfanin Royal Niger, wanda nan ta zamar masa cibiya.

Saboda haka shi Lugga (Lugard), shi ne gwamnan Yankin Arewa na farko. Sannan kuma garin Lokoja, shi ne cibiyar Yankin Arewa ta farko, wacce aka ayyana a ranar 1 ga watan 1 na shekarar 1900, Omoiya (2003).

Amma tun kafin wannan rana ta 1 ga watan 1, 1900, shi kamfanin na Royal Niger wanda aka hannanta masa kula da kuma gudanar da kasuwanci a yankin, ya fara sauya yanayi da kuma salon yadda ya ke cuɗanya da wannan yanki. Yanayin ya tashi daga salon cinikayya cikin abota zuwa cinikayya cikin salon kura-ta-ci-kura. Wannan shi ne abin da ya kai ga kifar da Daular Usmaniya daga shekarar 1897 zuwa 1903, da kuma kafa shi Yankin na Arewa (Northern Protectorate) kamar yadda Audu da Uzoma (2015) suka wassafa.

Turawan, sun fara kafa rassan wannan Yanki na Arewa tun cikin shekarun 1870 kamar yadda Farfesa Hargreaɓes (1970), ya ruwaito cewa, a cikin shekarar 1871, W.H. Simpson ya ƙulla yarjejeniya tsakaninsa da sarkin Nupe Masaba, kan gudanar da kasuwanci tsakaninsa da kamfanin Royal Niger wanda yake mallakin Turawan Birtaniya ne, sannan kuma mai helikwata a Lokoja. Da kuma sayen makamai da bayar da tallafin soja dan korar sojojin Faransa waɗanda suka girke sansanoni a garuruwan Borgu da kuma Bida kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Audu da Uzoma (2015).
Tun wancan zamani suke ta bugawa da sarakunan Nupe; wacce ta ke reshe ce ta daular Usmaniya, kama-kama har zuwa kan sarki Abubakar wanda a lokacinsa ne abin ya yi ƙamari har ta kai ga ƙasar Nupe ta samu nasarar fatattakar Faransawa daga yankinta.

Bayan korar Faransawa, sai su kuma Turawan Birtaniya suka ce, da wa aka haɗa mu ba da ku ba? Saboda haka suka juya suka fara yaƙar ƙasar Nupe. Sarkin lokacin, sarki Abubakar, shima ya tayar da ƙayar baya, ya haɗa sojojin da aka ƙiyasta yawansu da kimanin mayaƙa 10,000, ya tunkari waɗannan sojoji na Birtaniya har ta kai ga sun nemi ƙarin ƙarfi daga rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ta Afirka ta Yamma mai suna West African Frontiers Force. Bayan barowar wannan runduna Ashanti ta ƙasar Ghana, suka zo suka yiwa wannan yanki ruddugu bayan sun kafa sansaninsu a tsakankanin garuruwan Jebba da kuma Bajibo. Kamar yadda Audu da Uzoma (2015), suka ruwaito. Birtaniya ta samu nasarar murƙushe ƙasar ta Nupe, mai helikwata a Bidda a cikin shekarar 1902. Wannan kuma ita ce ta zama tubulin rusa Daular Usmaniya da suka samu nasarar yi a cikin shekarar 1903 bayan faɗansu da sarkin Musulmi Attahiru a Sakkwato.

Gwamnatin Legas, ta fara harar Masautar Ilorin tun cikin shekarar 1894, lokacin da gwamna Carter, ya tura Resdan na Ibadan, Captain Bower dan ya sasanta tsakanin Ibadan da kuma Ilorin game da yaƙin da suke a tsakaninsu ta hanyar shata musu iyakokin ƙasa, abinda ita Ilorin ɗin ta bijirewa.

Wannan bijirewa ta Ilorin ita ta haifar da sa-toka-katsi tsaninta da Turawa har ta kai jallin an tura rundunar kamfanin Royal Niger ta George Goldieu wacce ke zaune a Jebba. Zuwan rundunar ta buƙaci sarkin ya miƙa wuya shi kuma yaƙi, abin da ya haifar da gwabzar kwana guda, daga ƙarshe, sarki da muƙarrabansa suka fice suka bar gari da abin ya yi ƙamari. Wannan kuma ta saka su sake rubuta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da kuma rashin yaƙar juna a gaba.

Daga ƙarshe, Ilorin ɗin ta faɗa ƙarƙashin mulkin Turawa a cikin watan Yuni na shekarar 1900 biyowa bayan naɗin Resdan da gwamna Lugga ya yi musu bayan ya shelanta zamowar Lakwaja cibiyar Yankin Arewa kamar yadda Omoiya (2003) ya ruwaito.

Smith (1970), ya ruwaito cewa, Turawa sun ci masarautun Zazzau, Kwantagora, Kano, Sakkwato, Bauchi, da sauransu da yaƙi a cikin shekaru uku bayan shelanta Yankin Arewa da Lugard ya yi. A lokacin da Turawan suka zo waɗannan yankuna, cike suke da rigingimu a tsakaninsu. Sarki Alu, ya ƙaƙaba kansa da ƙarfi a sarauta ta hanyar bijirewa umarnin Sakkwato, haka nan ma Shehu Kwasau na Zazzau. Kuma bayan hakan, shi Alu na Kano ya bayar da gudunmawar mayaƙa ga Zazzau. Ta ɗaya gefen kuma ita Zazzau ɗin dai tana fama da hare-haren yaƙi daga Kwantagora a daidai lokacin da rigimar cikin gida ta dabaibaiyeta.

Haka nan idan aka juya gefen Bauchi, can ma mayaƙan Misau sun kaiwa Bauchin hari. Ana cikin wannan hali ne, Turawa suka ɓulla yankin.

Sarkin Zazzau Shehu Kwasau, ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Turawan ya basu masauki suka kafa sansanin soja a ƙasarsa. Faruwar wannan, ta saka Turawan fatattakar Kwamtagora daga yankin. Abin da ya buɗe fagen fito-na-fito tsakanin mayaƙan Daular Usmaniya da kuma sojojin Turawa. Bayan cin galabar korar sarakunan Kano, Sakkwato da wasunsu da Turawan suka yi, sai kuma suka zargi Shehu Kwasau da haɗin baki wajen kashe musu kwamanda Maleny a garin Keffi. Abin da ya jawo tumɓuke shi Kwasau da kuma maye gurbinsa da Galadimasa wanda yake haɓe ne da kuma mayar da masarautar ta Zazzau lardin (proɓince) mulki ƙarƙashin Turawa a cikin shekarar 1902. Abin da ya kawo komawar Daular ta Usmaniya ɗungurumgum, ƙarƙashin Turawa.

Mulkin Turawa

Bayyanar John Beecroft a doron kogin Neja da Delta a cikin shekarar 1849 shi ne tubali na Mulkin Turawa a dauloli, masarautu da kuma garurun da suka markaɗe su suka mayar da su wannan ƙasa mai suna Najeriya. John Beecroft ya bayyana a ɗefin daular Binin mai helikwata a Edo da kuma daular Opobo a matsayin jami’in Birtaniya mai shiga tsakanin Turawa ‘yan kasuwa da kuma ‘yan asalin yankin masu sayar da kayayyaki. Ta wannan hanyace ya yi amfani da duk wata damar da ta samu ta kodai kawar da sarki kai tsaye da ƙarfin soja ko kuma ta hanyar ƙulla yarjejeniya wacce itama ka iya zama kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar kamfanin Royal Niger wanda aka damƙa masa ragamar gudanar da wasu yankunan bisa wasu dalilai.

Jami’i na biyu da Ingila ta turo shi ne William Mckoskry da ya karɓi ragamar gudanar da mulkin na Legas daga hannun Oba Dosumu a cikin shekarar 1861 da ƙarfin soja.

Matakin na uku na naɗa jami’an mulkin-mallakar Ingila shi ne bayyana Lugga a Lakwaja a babban kwamishina (High Commissioner), a cikin shekarar 1900 bayan an ayyana Lakwajan a matsayin cibiyar Yankin Arewa.

Kowane ɗaya daga cikin yankunan nan guda uku; Yankin Legas Yankin Kudu da kuma Yankin Arewa, karkasa su zuwa larduna. Yakin Legas an yi masa larduna kamar haka: Abekuta, Binin, Ondo, Oyo, da Warri. Yankin Kudu kuma aka yi masa lardunan da suka haɗa da Kalabar, Owerri, Anaca da kuma Ogoja. Sai kuma Yankin arewa da yake da lardunan da suka haɗa da Sokoto, Kano, Katsina, Bornu, Bauchi, Zaria, Yola, Muri, Nupe, Kwantagora, llorin, Nassarawa, da kuma Munshi.

Kowane Yanki yana da babban jami’in mulkin-mallaka. Legas tana ƙarƙashin gwamna, Yankin Kudu kuma da Yankin Arewa suna ƙarƙashin babban kwamishina (hig commissioner) kowane ɗaya. Larduna kuma suna ƙarƙashin kulawar rasdan (Resident).

Ƙari a kan haka kuma, Yankin Arewa sai aka sake samar da gudunmomi waɗanda aka damƙa kulawarsu a hannun jami’in gunduma (District Officer).

A tare da dukkan waɗannan shugabanni ko jami’an mulkin-mallaka kuma a waɗannan matakai guda uku; babban kwamishina ko gwaman, rasdan da kuma jami’in gudunma, a Arewa akwai sarki wanda yake kula da Lardi, sai kuma hakimi wanda yake kula da gunduma. Wannan kuma ta faru saboda Turawa sun zo sun samu mutanen Arewa suna da cikakken tsarin sarauta bisa koyarwar addini, saboda haka bai zai yiwu Turawa su gudanar da mulki kai tsaye kamar yadda suka kawo John Beecroft kai tsaye da kuma William Mckoskry ba. Saboda haka sai suka yi amfani da salon muki a fakaice.

A wannan Yanki na Arewa, sai Turawa suka ƙara ƙirƙiri Hukumar Gargajiya duka dai a iya wannan Yanki na Arewa, domin samun hanyar gudanar da mulkinsu a fakaice. A ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rasdan shi ne shugaban wannan hukuma, saboda shi yake baiwa sarki umarni shi kuma ya aiwatar. A zahirance kuma sarki ne shugabanta, saboda shi yake aiwatar da umarnin rasdan. Haka nan a matakin gunduma, a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, DO ne shugabanta, saboda shi ke baiwa hakimi umarni. A zahirance kuma hakimi ne shugaban gunduma, saboda shi ne ke aiwatar da umarnin. Wannan shi ne salon mulki a fakaice (indirect rule) da Turawa suka yi amfani da shi a farko a iya Arewacin Najeriya.

Takamaiman ayyukan sarakuna a wannan hukuma su ne, gudanar da shari’o’i, da dukkan wani abu da ya shafi addini da al’ada. Su kuma turawa su suke tsara dokokin da sarakuna ke amfani da wasu wajen gudanar da shari’o’in nasu. Domin tabbatar da wannan gaɓa, ga wani misali na wata shari’a da aka gudanar a Kano, a zamanin sarki Abdullahi Bayero…..

Wannan salon mulki a fakaice, ba a dukkan faɗin Yankin Arewan aka aiwatar da shi a lokacin da gwamna Lugga ya tsara shi ba, ya shafi iya lardunan da suke cikin Daular Usmaniyya ne. Saboda shi gwamna Lugga yana ganin cewa, bai kamata a danƙarawa sauran lardunan da ba na Musulmi ba irin salon mulki da kuma al’adun Musulmi ba, matuƙar dai ana so su samu ci gaba, to ya kamata a bar su su bi wani sabon salon gudanar da mulkin daban. Su kuwa lardunan da suke cikin Daular Usmaniy Amma wasu lardunan ka, to idan aka taɓa wannan tsari nasu, faɗa-a-ji da sarakuna suke da ita za ta gushe wanda faruwar hakan kuma yana nuna rashin samun nasarar mulkar yanki a ra’ayin gwamna Lugga kamar yadda Utuk (1975) ya ruwaito. Saura n lardunan da suka haɗa da Filato, Binuwai da kuma Adamawa, su sai daga baya, da gwamna Kilifod (Hugho Clifford) ya zo sannan ya yiwa salon mulkin gwamna Lugga gyaran fuska, suma ya aiwatar da wannan salo da ake amfani da shi a lardunan na cikin Daular Usmaniya. Saboda haka sai ya zama baki ɗayan Lardunan na Yankin Arewa suna amfani da wannan salo na amfani da Hukumar Gargajiya.

Curewar Yankunan Najeriya (Amalgamation)

A cikin shekarar 1906, Turawa suka haɗe Yankin Legas da Yankin Kudu suka mayar da su yanki ɗaya da suka yiwa suna Colony and Protectorate of Legos kamar yadda Osuala da Muoh (2015); Eze (2016); Utuk (1975), suka ruwaito. Utuk (1975), ya ƙara da cewa, Legas ce ta zama cibiya, Yankin Arewa kuma suka bar shi kamar yadda yake. Sannan kuma kowane ɗaya daga cikin yankunan; sabon Yankin Legas da kuma Yankin Arewa, sai suka sake karkasa su zuwa larduna. Sabon yakin Legas an yi masa larduna kamar haka: Abekuta, Binin, Ondo, Oyo, Warri, Kalabar, Owerri, Anaca da kuma Ogoja. Yankin arewa kuma aka yi masa lardunan da suka haɗa da Sokoto, Kano, Katsina, Bornu, Bauchi, Zaria, Yola, Muri, Nupe, Kwantagora, llorin, Nassarawa, da kuma Munshi. Kowane lardi daga cikin waɗannan larduna aka saka masa rasden wanda shi ne babban jami’in Birtaniya mai kula da lardin. Haka nan kuma kowane lardi shima aka karkasa shi zuwa gudunma.

Sabon Yankin Legas aka yi masa cibiya a Legas, Utuk (1975). Da farko gwamna ne babban jami’i a Yankin Legas ɗin amma daga baya, bayan haɗe ta da aka yi da Yankin Kudu a cikin shekarar 1906, sai aka canja muƙamin daga gwamna zuwa babban kwamishina. Yankin Arewa kuma dama cibiyarsa tana nan a Lakwaja tun daga ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1900, daga baya kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, Lugga, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban kwamishinan Yankin ya ɗauke cibiyar daga Lakwaja ya mayar da ita Zungeru kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Igidi (2014).

A dukkan waɗannan yankuna guda biyu, babban kwamishina shi ne nauyin kula da yankin ya ke kansa, lardunan da ke yankin kuma suna ƙarƙashin kulawar rasdan, su kuma gudunmomi jami’in guduma (District Officer) shi ne babban jami’inta.

A tare da waɗannan shugabannin guda uku kuma, sai suka ƙirƙiri Hukumar Gargajiya. Amfani da wannan salon mulki kuwa ya biyo bayan cin karo da tsarin da Turawa suka yi bayan sun ci daular Ɗanfodiyo da yaƙi, sai suka samu salon tsarin sarautar daular mai amfani gare su saboda sauƙin gudanarwa da ya ke da shi. Saboda haka sai suka fara aiwatar da shi a dukkan faɗin Yankin Arewa daga baya kuma suka faɗaɗa shi ya zama a dukkan Yankunan guda biyu. Wannan Hukumar Gargajiya da aka kira Natiɓe Aurthority a Turance sannan kuma ake taƙaitata da NA, an yi su ne a larduna, sarki, shi ne babban jami’inta, sannan kuma a duk gunduma akwai hakimi kamar yadda yake tun asali. Turawa kuma sun yi amfani da wannan tsari ne domin su gudanar da salon mulki a fakaice (indirect rule), saboda sun lura da cewa idan suka fito fili suka yi mulki ba tare da sarakuna kamar yadda suka yi a Legas kai tsaye, to tabbas za su fuskanci matsa. Saboda haka shi babban kwamishina shike baya da doka, sauran abubuwa kuma da suka shafi addini, al’ada, da sauransu, sai aka bar su kai tsaye a hannun sarki.

A cikin shekarar 1914, sai Turawan suka sake haɗe waɗannan yankuna guda biyu manya; wato sabon Yankin Legas (Colony and Protectorate of Lagos), da kuma Yankin Arewa (Northern Protectorate), suka samar da ƙasar da suka kira Nigeria domin samu sauƙin gudanar da mulki tare da Lugga a matsayin babban gwamna  Kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayoyin Aderogba,  Ogunyemi da Odukoya (2012); Egbefo, (2014); Iyang, (2014); Osuala da Muoh, (2015); Tom, (2016). Sun kira waɗannan gamammun yankuna da Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria kamar yadda Eze (2016), ya ruwaito.

Bayan wannan gamewa da aka yi, Najeriya ta yi shugabanni kamar haka: Sir (Lord) Fredrick Lugard (1913-1930), Sir Donald Cameron (1931-1935), Sir Bernard Bourdillon (1935-1943), Sir Arthur Richards (1944-1947), Sir John Macpherson (1948-1955), Sir James Robertson (1955-1960).

Sunan Najeriya (Nigeria)

Nigeria, haɗaɗɗen suna ne da aka samar daga sunaye guda biyu; wato Niger wanda suna ne na kogi wanda ke da tsayin da ya haura kilomita dubu huɗu, da kuma kalmar Turanci ta area, wacce ke da ma’ana ta yanki, aka gauraya su aka fitar da kalmar Nigeria, wacce ita kuma za a iya fassara ta da Yankin Kogin Neja. Wata Baturiyar Ingila mai suna Flora Show wacce take ma’aikaciyar wata mujalla mai suna London Times ce, daga baya kuma ta zama matar gwamna Lugga, ita ta samar da wannan suna a cikin shekarar 1914, lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin haɗe Yankunan Kudu da Arewa su zama abu guda. Kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayoyin Brown (2013); Ajayi da Fashagba (2014); Egbefo (2014); Eric (2016); Eze (2016).

Utuk (1975), cewa ya yi, wannan suna na Nigeria, Joseph Chamberlain ne ya raɗa mata shi a shekarar a ranar goma ga watan Afirilu na shekarar 1899 a lokacin da wa’adin kwamatinsu na tsare-tsaren yadda za a mulki yankunan ƙasar yake ƙarewa.

Mulkin Mallaka (Colonization)

Bayan da aka haɗe Najeriya ta zama ƙasa guda, sai kuma aka rabata zuwa yankuna biyu wanda kowacce ɗaya gwamnan yanki (lieutenant goɓernor) yake shugabanta tare kuma da babban gwamna (goɓernor general) guda ɗaya, wanda ke da ‘yan majalisa (eɗecutiɓe). Sannan kuma kowane lardi da ke ƙarƙashin yanki, resden (resident) ne yake shugabantarsa.

Babban gwamna (goɓernor general), shi ne shugaban ƙasa, gwamnonin yanki (lieutenant goɓernor) kuma su ne kamar gwamnonin jahohi. Su kuma rasdan (resident), kamar shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi ne.
Najeriya a matsayin ƙasa, wacce aka haifa aka kuma raɗawa suna a cikin shekarar 1914, an yi mata mulkin mallaka na tsawon shekaru 46 daga shekarar 1914 zuwa 1960 wanda a wannan gaɓar ne aka miƙa ragamar gudanawarta a hannun ‘yabn ƙasa tare da Dr. Nmandi Azikwe a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na farko sannan kuma Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa a matsayin firimiya (prime minister) na farko kuma na ƙarshe, saboda zamowar ƙasar a wancan lokacin mai bin tafarkin tsarin mulkin Ingila.

Turawan Ingila sun gudanar da salon mulkin-mallaka a fakaice. Abinda ake kira indirect rule a Turance. Wanda kuma salon mulki ne da ake mulkar jama’a ta hanyar amfani da sarakuna. Sarakuna su suka zamo masu aiwatar da doka, su kuma Turawa masu samar da dokar.

Wannan salo kuwa da suka yi amfani da shi, sun kwaikwaya ne daga Daular Usmaniya. Sannu a hankali suka faɗaɗa shi zuwa kudancin Najeriya daga ƙarshe kuma suka yi amfani da shi a duk ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma da suka yiwa mulkin-mallaka, kamar yadda ya zo a ruwayar Farfesa Adu Boahen na jami’ar Fasahar ta Ghana.

‘Yancin Kan Najeriya

Ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1960, ita ce ranar da aka janye tutar mulkin-mallaka ta Birtaniya aka ɗaga tutar Najeriya a matsayin ‘yantacciyar ƙasa.

Faɗin Ƙasa

Najeriya tana iyaka da ƙasar Cameroon daga Gabas; Jamhuriyar Benin, daga Yamma; Jamhuriyar Nijar daga Arewa; Jamhuriyar Chadi, daga Arewa maso Gabas; sai kuma Tekun Atlantika daga Kudu, da misalin tsawon kilomita 800, wanda kuma ya runtuma har zuwa ƙasar Guinea.

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