Gabatarwa
Sufuri, na da matuqar muhimmanci wajen ci gaban al’umma. Yana bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen haxa alaqa tsakanin al’ummu a duk faxin duniya. Abu ne da kusan ya shafi komai. Kusan a wannan duniyar da muke ciki, harkar sufuri ta qulla dangantaka tsakanin jama’ar wannan duniyar da muke ciki da kuma duniyar wata.Sufuri, abu ne mai matuqar muhimmanci, ba kawai ga xan’adam ba, a’a, har da sauran halittu domin sukan gusa daga nan zuwa can (gajere ko dogon zango) da nufin neman kalaci.
Akwai hanyoyi da dama da xan’adam ke gudanar da wannan harka. Wannan harka ta sufuri tana da mahanga biyu; akwai sufuri a matsayin zirga-zirga daga wannan guri zuwa wancan guri. Sannan kuma akwai sufuri a matsayin sana’ar xaukar jama’a ko kaya daga guri zuwa guri.
Wannan takarda za ta yi magana ne a kan na farkon. Wato sufuri a matsayin zirga-zirga daga guri zuwa guri.
Ma’anar Sufuri
Kalmar sufuri na da fassarori da dama. Masana harkar sufuri sun yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a kan haka. Oni (2009), ya kalle ta a matsayin, Zirga-zirgar mutane da sauran kayayyaki daga guri zuwa guri, ta qasa (kamar titi, titin jirgin qasa, qafa, da kuma ababen hawa masu inji da waxanda basu da inji), ta ruwa (ta hanyar jiragen ruwa kamar irin su baje, kwale-kwale, da sauransu) da kuma ta sama (ta hanyar manyan jiragen sama da kuma helikwafta da sauransu). Shi kuwa Meyer (2009) cewa ya yi, sufuri shi ne zirga-zirgar mutane da kayyaki daga wani-guri-zuwa-wani. Amma shafin Wikipedia (2016), ya fassara shi a matsayin kai-komon mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki daga guri zuwa wani gurin.Hanyoyin Sufuri
A nan, akan yi la’akari da sigar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen aiwatar da kai-komo xin.1. Sufurun Qasa (Transportation by Land).
2. Sufurin Ruwa (Transport by Sea).
3. Sufurin Sama (Transport by Air).
4. Sufurin Fayif (Pipelines Transportaion).
Sufurin Qasa (Transport by Land)
Kafar sufuri ce ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da ke tafiya ta qasa. Waxanda ke tafiya a kan titi, hanya, ko tafarki. Su kuwa titi, hanya ko tafarki, su ne suke sada tsakanin guri da wani gurin.Wannan siga ta sufuri an sake karkasa ta zuwa gida biyu. Akwai abubuwa masu inji da marasa inji.
(a) Abubuwa marasa inji su ne hanyoyin sufuri na gargajiya da suka haxa da, tafiyar qafa, jaki, doki, raqumi, alfadari, shanu, takarkari, da sauransu.
(b) Akwai kuma abubuwa masu inji da suka haxa da, keke, babur/mashin, mota, da kuma jirgin qasa.
Sufurin Ruwa (Transport by Sea)
Sufurin ruwa shi ne zirga-zirgar ruwa ta hanyar amfani da nau’ukan jiragen ruwa kamar irin su komi, baji, da sauransu.Sufurin Sama(Transport by Air)
Sufurin sama shi ne kai-komo ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa masu tashi sama kamar irin su jirgi, roket da sauransu.Sufurin Fayif (Pipeline Transportation)
Sufurin Fayif kafa ce da ake tura kayayyaki ta cikin fayif (pipe), kamar irinsu xanyen mai, man fetur, ruwa, iskar gas, kananzir, da sauran dangoginsu.Gudunmawar Sufuri
Abu ne mai matuqar wahala a yi maganar ci gaban wannan zamani ba tare da an haxa da sufuri ba. Haqiqa, sufuri ya bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen kawo ci gaba ta kowace fuska. Bari mukalli gudunmawar da sufuri ya bayar a fannoni rayuwa kaxan.1. Amfanin Sufuri ga Tattalin Arziqi (Economic Importance of Transportation) Sufuri, fanni ne mai matuqar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziqi, musamman a wannan zamanin da muke ciki wanda zirga-zirgar jama’a da kayayyaki ke samar da qaruwar arziqin qasashe, kamfanoni da kuma xaixaikun mutane. Rodrigue da Notteboom (2016), sun bayyana cewa, akwai dangantaka ta qut-da-qut tsakanin ingantaccen tsarin sufuri kuma mai nagartattun kayayyakin aiki da kuma matsayin tattalin arziqi. Sun ci gaba da cewa idan tsarin sufuri ya zama nagartacce to zai samar da damammaki ta fuskacin tattalin arziqi da kuma walwala. Idan kuma ya zama akasin haka to zai tauye damammaki sannan kuma ya rage ingancin rayuwa. Ana iya kallon gudunmawar da sufuri ya bayar ta fuska biyu kamar haka:
(a). Samar da Guraben Ayyuka da kuma Qarin Kuxaxen Shiga:
Harkar sufuri harkar ce da ta samar da guraben ayyukan yi kamawa tun daga kafa kamfanonin qera ababen hawan har zuwa tuqa su da kuma gyaggyara su. Haka nan ta fuskacin samar da kuxaxen shiga, bincike ya tattabar da cewa manyan qasashen da suka ci gaba sukan samu qaruwar kuxaxen shiga da kimanin kashi 6 zuwa 12 cikin xari na tattalin arziqinsu, Rodrigue da Notteboom (2016). Haka nan kuma a wani binciken da aka gudanar a qasar Amurka a shekarar 1992, ya tabbatar da cewa a wannan shekarar qasar Amurka ta samu kuxin da ya kai Dalar Amurka biliyan 313, kimanin kashi 5 na kasafin kuxinsu kenan (United States, Department of Transportation, 1992).
(b). Zirga-Zirgar Kayayyaki da Sauqaqa Kashe Kuxaxen Aiki
Ta wannan fuska kuma harkar sufuri ita ce igiyar da ta qulla dangantaka tsakanin kamfanoni da ‘yankasuwa. Samun nagartaccen tsarin sufuri na sauqaqawa kamfanoni kuxaxen da suke kashewa dangane da kaiwa da kuma xaukar kayayyakin aiki da kuma kayayyakin da suka sarrafa.
2. Gudunmawar Sufuri ga Harkar Kasuwanci
Sufuri, shi ne kaxai kafar da ake kai-komo tsakanin kamfanoni, masana’antu, kasuwanni, kantuna, da sauransu da ita. Saboda haka sufuri ya zamo abu mai matuqar tasiri a dukkan matakan kasuwanci. Nagartaccen tsarin sufuri, jigo ne wajen ci gaban kasuwanci. Hanzari da kuzarin kai kayayyaki kasuwanni, na taimakawa qwarai wajen samun kasuwarsu, musamman abubuwan buqata na yau-da-kullum kamar irinsu nonon dabbobi, xanyen kifi, nama, da makamantansu waxanda basu cika son jinkiri ba da zarar an yi su. Saboda haka harkar sufuri ta bada gudunmawa a fannin kasuwanci da suka haxa da:
(a). Kai-Komon Kayayyaki: Ta hanyar sufuri ake kai sinadaran haxa kayayyaki (raw materials) zuwa masana’antu da kamfanoni, sannan kuma dai ta hanyar sufurin ne ake xauko sarrafaffun kayayyakin (finished product) zuwa kasuwanni a ko ina a faxin duniya da ma kantunan da ake sayar da su ga masu amfani. Tabbas, wannan ya qara havvaka samun ciniki ga masana’antu.
(b). Sauqaqa Kuxaxen Aiki: Abun nufi a nan shi ne cewa sufuri ya rage yawan kuxaxen da ake kashewa wajen samar da kayayyaki. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa idan ya zama kamfani yana da kayan sufuri, to yakan samu sauqi wajen kashe kuxaxen da zai biya a kawo masa ma’aikatansa da kuma kayan aiki, haka nan ma kuma idan zai xauki kayan zuwa kasuwa. Idan ya zama kuxaxen da aka kashe a fannin sufuri sun qaru, to ba makwa farashin kayan da aka samar ya qaru.
(c). Cike Givi Tsakanin Buqatar Kaya da Kuma Samar da su (Demand and Supply): Ingantaccen tsarin sufuri kan cike gurbin da ke akwai tsakanin buqatar kaya da kuma samar da su a kasuwar, wanda shi ke hukunta farashi. Misali, idan ya zamana kasuwa tana buqatar kayan da wata masana’anta ke samarwa, kuma ya zamana wannan masana’anta tana da ingantaccen tsarin sufuri, to ai da zarar an yi kaya za a iya kai su kasuwa. Saboda haka kuma zai zama babu wani givi tsakanin buqatar da ake yiwa kayan a kasuwa da kuma samar da su. Amma idan ya zama akasin haka kuma, to, akwai matsala. Sannan kuma wannan yakan qara danqon zumunci tsakanin kwastoma da mai kaya.
(d). Gamsar da Kwastoma: Xaya daga cikin muhimman gudunmawar da sufuri ya ke bawa harkar cinikayya akwai gamsar da kwastoma. Tabbas, gamsar da kwastoma babban makami ce ta mayar da kwastoma ya zama ya xamfaru da xankasuwa, wannan kuma ita ce babbar nasara a kasuwanci. Saboda haka sufuri kan taimaka matuqa gaya wajen kai kaya kasuwa a-kan-kari.
3. Gudunmawar Sufuri ga Yawon Shaqatawa da Buxe Idanu
Harkar sufuri kai tsaye ta kanainaye harkar yawon shaqatawa da buxe idanu, ita ce kaxai kafar da ke xaukar masu yawon shaqatawa da buxe-idanu daga mazauninsu zuwa gurin da za su ziyarta ciki kuma har da duniyar wata. Haka nan kuma gudunmawar da wannan fanni na yawon shaqatawa da buxe-idanu ke bayarwa wajen havvaka tattalin arziqi ba a voye take ba. Wata marubuciya, Rufat (2012) ta misalta yawon shaqatawa da buxe-ido tamkar masana’anta ce maras bututu (wato masana’antar da ba wata kafa da hayaqin injinanta ke zurarewa; wato kenan kuxaxen shigar da yawon shaqatawa da buxe-ido ke samarwa basa zurarewa, ana mafanarsu). Ta ce wannan fanni na yawon buxe-ido yakan zama wata kafa ta toshe givin kasafin kuxin qasashe. Kuma a gaskiyance, yawon shaqatawa da buxe-idanu ba zai yiwu ba sai da sufuri.
Xauraya
Kash! Lafin daxi…, a nan zan ajiye alqalamina. Kun dai ji cewa sufuri shi ne kai-komon mutane da sauran kayayyaki daga guri zuwa wani gurin. Sannan kuma ana iay gudanar da sufuri ta kasa, ta ruwa, ta sama ko ta cikin fayif. Kuma fannin sufuri mai inganci yana daba gudunmawa mai gwavi ta fuskacin havvaka tattalin arziqi da samar da guraben ayyukan yi, wanda kan fara tun daga samar da kamfanonin qera kayan sufurin, matuqa jiragen sama, jiragen qasa, da motoci, guraren gyaran ababen hawa, guraren yi musu sabis da sauran guraben ayyukan yi kamar kamfanonin sufurin kansu, tashoshin ababen hawa da sauransu barkatai.Madogarar Rubutu
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